BIOL 232 Bootcamp

What is anatomy?

The study of the structure of the body and the relationships among body parts.

What is physiology?

The study of how the body's structures function.

How are anatomy and physiology related?

Structure determines function, so the two are closely connected.

What is the simplest level of biological organization?

Chemical level (atoms and molecules).

What level comes after the chemical level?

Cellular level.

What level comes after the cellular level?

Tissue level.

What level comes after the tissue level?

Organ level.

What level comes after the organ level?

Organ system level.

What is the highest level of organization?

Organismal level.

What is a cell?

The basic structural and functional unit of life.

What is a tissue?

A group of similar cells performing a common function.

What is an organ?

A structure made of two or more tissue types performing specific functions.

What is an organ system?

A group of organs working together to perform major body functions.

What is homeostasis?

The body's ability to maintain a stable internal environment.

Why is homeostasis important?

It allows cells and organs to function properly despite external changes.

What is a receptor in a feedback loop?

It detects changes in the internal or external environment.

What is the control center?

It receives information and determines the appropriate response.

What is an effector?

A muscle or gland that carries out the response.

What is negative feedback?

A mechanism that reverses a change to return conditions toward normal.

Give an example of negative feedback.

Body temperature regulation or blood glucose regulation.

What is positive feedback?

A mechanism that amplifies a change until a specific event is completed.

Give an example of positive feedback.

Childbirth contractions or blood clotting.

What is the anatomical position?

Standing upright, facing forward, arms at the sides, palms facing forward, feet flat.

Why is the anatomical position important?

It provides a universal reference for describing body locations.

What does superior mean?

Toward the head or upper part of the body.

What does inferior mean?

Toward the feet or lower part of the body.

What does anterior mean?

Toward the front of the body.

What does posterior mean?

Toward the back of the body.

What does medial mean?

Toward the midline of the body.

What does lateral mean?

Away from the midline of the body.

What does proximal mean?

Closer to the point of attachment or origin.

What does distal mean?

Farther from the point of attachment or origin.

What does superficial mean?

Closer to the body's surface.

What does deep mean?

Farther from the body's surface.

What is the sagittal plane?

A plane dividing the body into left and right portions.

What is the midsagittal plane?

A sagittal plane dividing the body into equal left and right halves.

What is the frontal (coronal) plane?

A plane dividing the body into front and back portions.

What is the transverse plane?

A plane dividing the body into upper and lower portions.

What is the dorsal body cavity?

The cavity containing the brain and spinal cord.

What structures are in the ventral body cavity?

The thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities.

What does the prefix "hyper-" mean?

Above normal; excessive.

What does the prefix "hypo-" mean?

Below normal; deficient.

What does the prefix "brady-" mean?

Slow.

What does the prefix "tachy-" mean?

Fast.

What does the prefix "endo-" mean?

Within; inside.

What does the prefix "ecto-" or "exo-" mean?

Outside; outer.

What does the prefix "epi-" mean?

Upon; on top of.

What does the prefix "sub-" mean?

Under; below.

What does the prefix "inter-" mean?

Between.

What does the prefix "intra-" mean?

Within.

What does the prefix "peri-" mean?

Around; surrounding.

What does the prefix "trans-" mean?

Across; through.

What does the prefix "bi-" mean?

Two.

What does the prefix "uni-" mean?

One.

What does the prefix "poly-" mean?

Many.

What does the prefix "mono-" mean?

One; single.

What does the prefix "micro-" mean?

Small.

What does the prefix "macro-" mean?

Large.

What does the prefix "neo-" mean?

New.

What does the prefix "pan-" mean?

All.

What does the suffix "-itis" mean?

Inflammation.

What does the suffix "-ectomy" mean?

Surgical removal.

What does the suffix "-otomy" mean?

Cutting into; incision.

What does the suffix "-ostomy" mean?

Creating an opening.

What does the suffix "-logy" mean?

Study of.

What does the suffix "-logist" mean?

One who studies or specializes in.

What does the suffix "-algia" mean?

Pain.

What does the suffix "-pathy" mean?

Disease.

What does the suffix "-oma" mean?

Tumor or mass.

What does the suffix "-osis" mean?

Abnormal condition.

What does the suffix "-emia" mean?

Blood condition.

What does the suffix "-megaly" mean?

Enlargement.

What does the suffix "-malacia" mean?

Softening.

What does the suffix "-sclerosis" mean?

Hardening.

What does the suffix "-plegia" mean?

Paralysis.

What does the suffix "-paresis" mean?

Weakness or partial paralysis.

What does the suffix "-rrhage" mean?

Heavy bleeding.

What does the suffix "-rrhea" mean?

Flow or discharge.

What does the suffix "-cyte" mean?

Cell.

What does the suffix "-genic" mean?

Producing; caused by.

What does the root "cardi/o" refer to?

Heart.

What does the root "oste/o" refer to?

Bone.

What does the root "my/o" refer to?

Muscle.

What does the root "arthr/o" refer to?

Joint.

What does the root "neur/o" refer to?

Nerve.

What does the root "cephal/o" refer to?

Head.

What does the root "encephal/o" refer to?

Brain.

What does the root "hepat/o" refer to?

Liver.

What does the root "nephr/o" refer to?

Kidney.

What does the root "ren/o" refer to?

Kidney.

What does the root "pulmon/o" refer to?

Lung.

What does the root "pneum/o" refer to?

Lung or air.

What does the root "gastr/o" refer to?

Stomach.

What does the root "enter/o" refer to?

Intestine.

What does the root "derm/o" refer to?

Skin.

What does the root "hemat/o" refer to?

Blood.

What does the root "cyt/o" refer to?

Cell.

What does the root "hist/o" refer to?

Tissue.

What does the root "adip/o" refer to?

Fat.

What does the root "lip/o" refer to?

Fat.