Extraction of Bioactive Compounds

Set of flashcards summarizing key concepts regarding the extraction of bioactive compounds and their effects in nutrition.

What are bioactive compounds?

Nutrients and non-nutrients in food that produce physiological effects beyond their nutritional properties.

What is the first step in the general extraction procedure for bioactive compounds?

Pretreatment (chemical/mechanical/biological cell disruption): improve the extraction

Name three factors that can influence the extraction and purification process of bioactive compounds.

Chemical properties, interactions with other substances, and physiological storage.

What is Soxhlet extraction? (+ and -)

A method using an exchange of target compound(s) from a solid sample to appropriate organic solvent(s), known for its simplicity, affordable, but poor extraction efficiency, lot a solvent used, not suitable for industrial use

What is hydrodistillation used for? (+ and -)

It is used to extract bioactive compounds along with essential oils. + : easy, no organic solvent - : high temperature, high energy consumption

What is the purpose of stabilisation in the extraction process? and name to what bioactive compounds are sensitive to

To prevent degradation of sensitive bioactive compounds.—> oxydation, temperature, light, pH, Aw, Enzymatic activity

What is liquid-liquid extraction? Advantages and disadvantages

A method where compounds are removed from a liquid phase by transferring to another liquid phase. Advantages : cold process, no drying needed, Dis : manual working, lot of chemicals

What are the disadvantages of ultrasound-assisted extraction or sanitation (+ and -)

Frequencies leads to inter-particle collision and diffusion, extract the compound into the solvent + : fast, inexpensive - : more than 20kHz can have a negative effect on phytochemicals

What do pulsed electric fields (PEF) do in the extraction process? (+ and -)

They increase mass transfer by perforating the membrane structure of plant materials. + : low temperature - : low capacity of treatment, continuous breakage

What is the role of affinity chromatography in purification?

It separates compounds based on their ability to bind non-covalently to specific ligands.

What are the health benefits associated with bioactive compounds?

Cancer protection, cardiovascular disease reduction, diabetes management, and anti-inflammatory effects.

Give me the 4 steps of general extraction procedure

pretreatment-extraction-purification/isolation/stabilisation

Give me the methods for cell disruption (2 mechanical and 2 non-mechanical)

Presses/ sanitation - enzymatic digestion/ chemical methods

Give me advantages and disadvantages of mechanical disruption

Non toxic, fast - High energetic consumption, non selective

Give me disadvantages of chemical disruption

Non selective, toxic, chemical contamination

Give me advantages and disadvantages of enzymatic disruption

selective, less toxic - expensive, not suitable for large scale

give me 2 conventional extraction techniques and 2 green techniques

Soxhlet, Liquid liquid - PEF,HP,Termal extraction, Ultrasound, Microwaves…

Give me purification isolation methods

centrifugation, filtration, decanter, filter press, membrane filtration

explain the membrane filtration

Size exclusion

name some stabilization measures

Packing under N2, Packing in the dark, pH adjustment, Microencapsulation (spray drying, nano emulsion)

Give me advantages and disadvantages of supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) and explain how it works

+: easy recovery, low viscosity, fast

-: high pressure

applicable for lipophilic compounds, addition of solvent to modify the polarity, try to reach the critical point to extract