Nervous System

List what the nervous system does

respond to external stimuli, respond to internal stimuli, coordination, higher functioning (learning, behavior, personality)

What is part of the central nervous system (CNS)

the brain and spinal cord; does not regenerate

What is part of the peripheral nervous system (PNS)

nerves; regenerates

List what all neurons can do

All receive a signal, transmit a signal, affect another cell (send signal)

What is the anatomy of a neuron

Cell body (nucleus and all organelles), dendrites - pick up signal, axon hillock - “funnel”, axon - transmit signal along the cell, axon terminal and synaptic knob - send signal to next cell, myelin sheath - increase speed of transmission, nodes of raniver - space where sodium rushes in

Describe action potential

1) sodium rushes in, potassium goes out

Propagated conduction

the “jump” of action potential due to myelin sheath

What is myelin sheath

multiple layers of plasma membrane, wraps around the axon, goes through saltatory conduction (to jump)

What is the anatomy of the synapse

axon terminal, synaptic knob: synaptic vesicles, neurotransmitters - open ligand channels, which causes sodium to rush in and open voltage-gated channels; synaptic cleft (space between the axon terminal and the cell), ligand-gated sodium channels, voltage-gated channels

What are the types of glia

oligodendrocytes, schwann cells, astrocytes, and microglia

What are oligodendrocytes

myelin sheath in the cns

What is multiple sclerosis

autoimmune disease of the oligodendrocytes, degenerative; attacks the myelin sheath (loose/slows function)

What is schwann cells

myelin sheath in the pns

What is guillian barre syndrome

autoimmune disease of the schwann cells, regenerative; paralyzed quickly

What are astrocytes

form the blood brain barrier

What are microglia

macrophages

What is grey matter

unmyelinated regions

What is white matter

myelinated regions

What are nerves and where are they located

axons in the pns

What are tracts and where are they located

axons in the cns

What are nuclei and where are they located

cell bodies in the cns

what are ganglia and where are they located

cell bodies in the pns

What are nerve plexus

collection of nerves

What are sensory neurons

afferent neurons, go to the cns

What are association neurons

interneurons, inside the cns

What are motor neurons

efferent neurons, leave the cns

What are the functions of the brain

localization of function, integration of function, contralateral function

What is the corpus collasum

axons that connect the left and right brain

What does the cerebrum control

complex behaviors (personality, senses, emotions); outside - cerebrum cortex (grey matter)

What is gyri (gyrus) and sulci (sulcus)

gryi - outer fold (hill); sulci - inner fold (valleys)

What is the cerebral hemisphere divided by

longitudinal fissure

What is the precentral gyrus and the postcentral gyrus

precentral gyrus - primary motor cortex; postcentral gyrus - sensory cortex

List the functional regions of the brain

primary somatosensory (cortex: touch, pain, temp), somatosensory association area (interprets info), primary visual cortex, visual association area, primary auditory cortex, auditory association area,

What is the broca’s area and wernickle’s area

broca’s area - makes speech; wernickle’s area - comprehend speech

List what is part of the diencephalon

thalamus, epithalamus, hypothalamus

What is the thalamus and what it does

relay center for all senses (except smell), filter senses

What is the epithalamus and what it does

contains the pineal gland - secretes melatonin, reacts to blue light (makes less melatonin), responsible for the circadian rhythm

List what the hypothalamus does

controls the autonomic nervous system (rest and digest), controls the endocrine system (pituitary gland), maintain homeostasis

List what is in the brainstem

midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata

What is the midbrain

visual and auditory reflexes (superior calliculi - visual, inferior calliculi - auditory)

What is the pons

nuclei for most cranial nerves

What is the medulla oblongata

controls breathing and contains the reticular activating system - controls awake/sleep

What does the cerebellum do

coordinates movement (proprioceptors)

What are proprioceptors

constantly send signals of the person’s orientation to the brain, in the muscles, ligaments, and tendons

What is the basal ganglia

smoothing motion of movement

List the function so the limbic system

controls sense of smell (olfactory bulb), emotions, behavior (prefrontal cortex), planning, memory (amygdala and hippocampus), homeostasis (thalamus and hypothalamus),

pheromones are related

What is anterograde and retrograde amnesia

anterograde - unable to make more memories; retrograde - unable to remember old memories

What is Alzheimer’s

degeneration of the brain, loss of memory, personality, physiology; cause: age and genetics; common to see beta amyloid plaques

What is lewy body dementia

lewy body forms in the brain

What is vascular dementia

mini strokes occur in the brain causing a loss of blood, creating a big stroke (transient ischemic attacks); cause: old age due to loss of blood flow velocity

What is trauma dementia

build up of concussions, common in sports (football and hockey); AKA: chronic trauma encephalopathy (CTE)

Where does the spinal cord start and end

starts: foramen magnum; ends: L1/L2 (conus medullaris)

Where do the spinal nerves exit through

the intervertebral foramina

Cross section of the spinal cord

gray matter: anterior horn, posterior horn, gray commissure; central canal - filled with csf (cerebral spinal fluid); white matter: anterior feniculus, lateral funiculus, posterior funiculus; sensory (afferent neuron), association (interneuron) neuron, motor (efferent) neuron, spinal nerve: anterior root, posterior root, posterior root ganglion

What are the two types of spinal tracts

ascending tract and descending tract

What are the two types of ascending tract

Dorsal column pathway and spinocerebellar tract

What is the dorsal column pathway

somatic sense (touch, pain, temp), sends signal to the thalamus which sends signals to the post central gyrus

What is the spinocerebellar tract

proprioceptors (muscles, tendons, ligaments), sends information to the cerebellum

What are the two types of descending tract and what do they do/what are they

corticospinal tract - precentral gyrus (primary motor cortext) and vestibulospinal tract - basal ganglia

What is in the meninges (drawing)

Durg Mater: periosteal layer, meningeal layer, dural sinuses - drain blood from brain; subdural space, arachnoid mater - house the csf, arachnoid trabeculae - holds csf in place, subarachnoid space - csf, pia mater - areolar ct, epidural space - adipose ct, falx cerebri - goes down the longitudinal fissure, arachnoid villa - drain csf back into the blood

List the ventricles

lateral ventricles, third ventricles, cerebral aquaduct, forth ventricle, central canal

What does the cerebralspinal fluid do

allows brain to float, cushions the brain, drains the cns