Rightly guided caliphate(1)

Rashidun Caliphs

The first four caliphs who succeeded Muhammad known for their right guidance.

Abu Bakr

The first caliph of the Rashidun Caliphate, ruling from 632 to 634 CE.

Ridda Wars

Uprisings faced by Abu Bakr, defining early challenges to the unity of the Islamic state.

Compilation of the Quran

Collecting and standardizing the text of the Quran, credited to Abu Bakr.

Umar ibn al-Khattab

The second caliph who ruled from 634 to 644 CE, known for expanding the Islamic empire.

Caliphate

The political-religious system led by a caliph, who is considered a successor to Muhammad.

Fiqh

Islamic jurisprudence, which became more formally developed during Umar's rule.

Uthman ibn Affan

The third caliph, known for standardizing the Quran and expanding the empire.

Nepotism

Favoritism shown by Uthman towards family members in political appointments, leading to unrest.

Assassination of Uthman

The event on June 17, 656, which triggered a significant crisis leading to civil conflict.

Ali ibn Abi Talib

The fourth caliph and considered the rightful successor by Shia Muslims.

First Fitnah

The civil war that erupted during Ali's caliphate as he faced opposition from rival factions.

Historical Trajectory

The significant developments and changes initiated during the early years of the Islamic state.

Bayt al-mal

The early Islamic treasury established by Umar for social welfare and public funds.

Military Campaigns

Various military conquests initiated during the caliphate to expand the Islamic state.

Urban Development

Infrastructure improvements and the founding of new cities during the caliphate periods.

Sasanian Empire

The historical realm that was extensively conquered during Umar's caliphate.

Byzantine Empire

The eastern Roman Empire that was engaged by Muslim conquests under the Rashidun Caliphs.

Legacy of the Rashidun Caliphs

The lasting impact of their leadership on the development of the Islamic state.

Tension in Uthman's Administration

Rising conflicts leading to Uthman's eventual assassination and civil unrest.