Plant Biology Test 3

short-distance transport

transport across a few cell diameters or less of distance (does not involve xylem or phloem)

long-distance transport

 transport between cells that are distant from each other (involves xylem and phloem)

diffusion

movement of substances from an area of high cell concentration to an area of low cell concentration

down/with

Diffusion moves ____/____ the concentration gradient.

passive

Diffusion is a type of _____ transport.

simple diffusion

Substances move directly through the membrane

facilitated diffusion

movement of substances using a transport protein

carrier

solute binds to the transport protein

channel

allows solute to pass through

osmosis

Movement of water across a selectively permeable membrane from a high concentration to a low concentration

active transport

uses energy to transport substances up against a concentration gradient from a low concentration to a high concentration

primary active transport

What type of active transport involves transport proteins called molecular pumps that break down ATP to move substances?

secondary active transport

What type of active transport uses the energy of a gradient to move a substance up/against its concentration gradient?

proton pump

A major example for primary active transport is a ________.

proton gradient

A major example for secondary active transport is a ________.

water potential

chemical potential of water, free energy of water

psi

The symbol (Ѱ) for water potential is called ____.

heat; pressure; elevate

To increase Ѱ, you have to ___ the water, add _____, or ____ the water

solutes

Adding this to water can affect the water potential.

water potential equation

What is this?

osmotic potential

Ѱⲡ stands for…

pressure potential

Ѱₚ stands for…

matric potential

Ѱₘ stands for…

pressure; water

If water is placed under pressure, the _____ potential increases, so _____ potential increases.

positive

This type of pressure causes compression.

negative

This type of pressure causes stretching/tension.

0

Pure water at 1 atm of pressure has a Ѱ of ___.

solutes

Osmotic potential is the effect of _____ on water potential.

0.0

The osmotic potential of pure water is ____ MPa.

decreases

The addition of solutes ______ the free energy of water.

negative

Osmotic potential (Ѱⲡ) for solutions is always _____.

interact; soil

Matric potential (Ѱₘ) is water’s ability to ____ with things that don’t dissolve, like ___. particles

negative

Water potential in solutions is always ____.

positive or negative

Pressure potential in solutions is always ________.

positive; negative

Water moves from a more ______ water potential to an area with a more _____ water potential.

difference

Water moves when there is a ______ in water potential.

equal; no

If the water potentials in two areas are _____, there is __net movement of water. 

pairs; groups

Water potentials are observed in ____or ____.

protoplast; force

When a plant cell takes in water, the ______ swells and exerts a _____ against the cell wall.

rises

The cell wall exerts a force on the protoplast, so the pressure potential ____.

lysis

The plant cell wall inhibits ____ when the protoplast swells and exerts force.

plasmolysis

shrinking of a cell due to water loss, the protoplast pulls away from the cell wall

guard cells/stomata

involves short distance transport

shrink

At night, guard cells _____.

in equilibrium

At night, the guard cells are ________ with surrounding cells.

potassium (K+)

At sunrise, _______ ions are actively transported into the guard cells.

less

At sunrise, the surrounding cells become_____ negative.

more

At sunrise, guard cells become ____ negative.

pumped

In the morning, K+ ions are continually ____ into the guard cells. 

bend; open

In the morning, water moves from the surrounding cells into the guard cells, causing them to ____, resulting in an ____ stomata

later in the morning

The net movement of water stops as equilibrium between the surrounding cells and guard cells has been reached occurs…

phloem transport

Involves long-distance transport of sugars/nutrients

Sieve tube element/member

helper → companion cell

EX. angiosperms

sieve cell

helper → albuminous cell

EX. gymnosperms

pressure-flow hypothesis

Explains the transport of phloem sap, active loading in sources, and active unloading in sinks

sources

organ/tissue that supplies material that can be transported

sink

organ/tissue that receives material transported by the phloem

leaves

main sources in plants during spring and summer

tubers; fleshy taproots

When referring to some plants that may lose leaves, their sources can be _____ or ______. 

cotyledons; endosperm

For seed germination, ______ (seed leaves), and _____(tissue that can be broken down to provide nutrients for the embryo) can act as sources for an embryo.

sugars

_____ are actively transported into phloem cells when loading in sources. (step 1)

negative; negative

As phloem is loading in sources, Osmotic potential (Ѱⲡ) becomes more _____, so the water potential (Ѱ) becomes more_____. (step 2)

water

____ enters the phloem cells when phloem loads in sources. (step 3)

water and sugars; pores

When phloem is loading in sources, the solutions of ____and ____can be forced through _____ from one phloem cell to the next. (step 4)

sinks

Examples of this are growing flowers, fruits, meristems.

actively; cells

When phloem is unloading in sinks, the sap is _____ transported into ____ of the sink. (step 1)

negative

When phloem is unloading in sinks, osmotic potential (Ѱⲡ) within the phloem cells becomes less _____. (step 2)

water; sugars

When phloem is unloading in sinks, _____ flows through the _____ out into the cells of the sink.

cohesion

water’s ability to stick to itself

adhesion

water’s ability to stick to other substances

moist

With ____ soil, a plant’s roots can easily absorb the water between the soil particles (within the gaps).

dry

With ____ soil, a plant’s roots struggle to absorb the water in the film surrounding the soil particles

cohesion-tension hypothesis

As water is pulled upward by transpiration, the water molecules cohere enough to withstand tension/pulling force.

soil

1st step of water movement in the plant

root

2nd step of water movement in the plant

xylem cohesion

3rd step of water movement in the plant

leaves (veins)

4th step of water movement in the plant

evaporation of water from mesophyll cell walls

5th step of water movement in the plant

escape through the stomata

6th step of water movement in the plant

benefit

Is this a benefit or a disadvantage of an open stomata?

allows for gas exchange (CO2 can come in)

disadvantage

Is this a benefit or a disadvantage of an open stomata?

loss of water, which can lead to dehydration

soil

When rocks weather, what is produced?

rock; ions; inorganic

Soil is largely made of ____ particles, dissolved ____, and ______ components

soil

rock particles, insects, animals like earthworms, roots, plant parts, algae, bacteria, fungi

mineral nutrition

impact of minerals in a plant’s metabolism

major/macro essential elements

These elements are needed in larger amounts

major

Are these elements major or minor essential elements?

Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, potassium, calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, sulfur

Minor/micro essential elements

these elements are used in trace amounts

minor

Are these elements major or minor essential elements?

Iron, chlorine, copper, manganese, molybdenum, and boron

development

The essential element is required for normal plant ______ through its complete life cycle.

substitute

The essential element is needed. No ______ is sufficient.

inside; outside

The essential element must act ____ the plant, not _____ of it.

Chlorosis

yellowing of leaves due to decreased chlorophyll

Necrosis

areas of dead tissue

physical weathering

breakdown of rock by physical forces such as wind, water, and temperature changes

chemical weathering

chemical reactions break down rock and change the chemistry of the soil that is produced

sand

large particles with large spaces between them

gas

Large spaces in sand are good for ___ diffusion.

Large spaces cannot hold water against the force of gravity, so the water/rainfall soon sinks into the groundwater

clay

small particles with small spaces between them

• Small spaces hold onto water/rainfall so little sinks into the groundwater