chapter 9-15 apush final review

Andrew Jackson (c9)

7th president of the United States

Universal white male suffrage (c9)

Places in the West such as Ohio began adopting constitutions that guaranteed all adult white males the right to vote and gave all voters the right to hold public office.

Daniel Webster (c9)

was one of the conservative delegates who opposed democratic changes on the grounds that "power naturally and necessarily follows property" and that "property as such should have its weight and influence in a political arrangement." Webster could not prevent the reform of the rules for representation in the state senate; nor could they prevent the elimination of the property requirement for voting.

Martin Van Buren (c9)

led the "Bucktails." He later became the 8th President of the United States.

Second party system (c9)

The occurred in the 1830s, and a fully formed two-party system began to operate at the national level, with each party committed to its own existence as an institution and willing to accept the legitimacy of its opposition.

Whigs (c9)

The anti-Jackson forces began to call themselves .

Democrats (c9)

Jackson's' followers, formally known as the Democratic-Republicans, became the , thus giving a permanent name to what is now the nation's oldest political party.

“Spoils system” (c9)-

The "______________" was already well entrenched in a number of state governments. By embracing this philosophy, the Jackson administration helped make the right of elected officials to appoint their own followers to public office an established feature of American politics.

John C. Calhoun (c9)

was once an outspoken protectionist and had strongly supported the tariff of 1816. His future political hopes relied on how he handled the tariff dilemma in his home state.

Nullification (c9)

Calhoun's theory of was drawn from the ideas of Madison and Jefferson and their Virginia and Kentucky resolutions, as well as the Tenth Amendment. Calhoun argued that since the federal government was a creation of the states, the states

“Tariff of Abominations” (c9)

By the late 1820s, many South Carolinians had come to believe that the “" was responsible for the stagnation of the state's economy

Compromise Tariff of 1833 (c9)

Henry Clay devised a by which the tariff would be lowered gradually so that by 1842, it would reach approximately the same level as in 1816.

Henry Clay (c9)

devised a compromise by which the tariff would be lowered gradually so that by 1842, it would reach approximately the same level as in 1816.

“Five Civilized Tribes” (c9)

In western Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi, and Florida lived what was referred to as the "" The Cherokee, Creek, Seminole, Chickasaw, and Choctaw. Most of these tribes had established settled agricultural societies with successful economies.---

Removal Act (c9)

The was passed to appropriate money to finance federal negotiations with the Southern groups aimed at relocating them to use the West.

“Indian Territory” (c9)

About 1,000 Cherokees fled across the state line to North Carolina, and most of them made the long, forced trek to "________", which later became Oklahoma.

Trail of Tears (c9)

The Indians described the long, hard journey to their unwanted new land as the

Bank of the United States (c9)

The _____________ was a mighty institution. Its stately headquarters was in Philadelphia, which seemed to symbolize its haughty image of itself. It had branches in twenty-nine other cities, making it the most powerful and far-flung financial institution in the nation. By law, the Bank was the only place where the federal government could deposit its own funds; the government, in turn, owned one-fifth of the Bank's stock. It also did a tremendous business in general banking. It provided credit to growing enterprises, issued bank notes, and exercised a restraining effect on the less well-managed state banks.

Nicholas Biddle (c9)

, who served as president of the Bank from 1823 on, had done much to put the institution on a sound and prosperous basis.

Bank War (c9)

The failed to provide Henry Clay with the winning issue for which he had hoped.

“Independent treasury” (c9)

The "" or "subtreasury" system was an idea created by Van Buren. In this plan, the government would place its funds in an independent treasury in Washington and in sub treasuries in other cities. No private banks would have the government's money or name to use as a basis for speculation; the government and the banks would be "divorced.

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John Tyler (c9)

was the Whig candidate for vice president during the election of 1840.

Lord Ashburton (c9)

In the spring of 1842, the new government in Great Britain sent, an admirer of America, to negotiate an agreement on the Maine boundary and other matters.

Webster-Ashburton Treaty (c9)

The result of Ashburton's negotiations with Webster was the . Its terms established a firm northern boundary between the United States and Canada along the Maine-New Brunswick border that survives to this day; the new border gave the United States a bit more than half of the previously disputed territory. Other small provisions placated Maine and Massachusetts and protected critical trade routes in both the northern United States and southern Canada.

Caleb Cushing (c9)

American mercantile interests persuaded Tyler and Congress to send a commissioner--to China to negotiate a treaty giving the United States some part in the China trade.

Treaty of Wang Hya (c9)

In the , concluded in 1844, Cushing secured most-favored-nation provisions giving Americans the same privileges as the English.

“Extraterritoriality” (c9)

Cushing also won for Americans the right of "", which is the right of Americans accused of crimes in China to be tried by American, not Chinese, officials.

Erie Canal (c10)

The, completed in 1825, gave New York City unrivaled access to the interior, and of liberal state laws that made the city attractive for both foreign and domestic commerce. The led to the rise of New York City.

“Nativism” (c10)

The increased amount of immigrants coming into America led to the birth of "", which is a defense of native-born people and a hostility to the foreign-born, usually combined with a desire to stop or slow immigration. Some of it was a result of simple racism, however, others argued against it, specifically saying that the newcomers were "socially unfit.

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“Know-Nothings” (c10)

The Supreme Order of the Star-Spangled Banner adopted a strict code of secrecy, which included the secret password, used in lodges across the country, "I know nothing." Members of the movement became known as the ".

American Party (c10)

Gradually, the Know-Nothings turned their attention to party politics, and after the election of 1852, they created a new political organization that they called the. In the East, the new organization scored an immediate and astonishing success in the elections of 1854: The Know-Nothings cast a large vote in Pennsylvania and New York and won control of the state government in Massachusetts. Elsewhere, the progress of the Know-Nothings was modest.

De Witt Clinton (c10)

After a long public debate over whether the scheme was practical, canal advocates prevailed when , a late but ardent convert to the cause, became governor in 1817. Digging began on July 4, 1817.

Telegraph (c10)

were critical to railroads, as they were an important innovation in communications. Telegraph lines extended along the tracks, connecting one station with another and aiding the scheduling and routing of trains. The telegraph permitted instant communication between distant cities, tying the nation together as never before. It also helped reinforce the schism between the North and the South. Telegraph lines were far more extensive in the North than in the south, and similarly to railroads, helped to link the North to the Northwest.

Samuel F.B. Morse (c10)

The telegraph burst into American life in 1844 when , after several years of experimentation, succeeded in transmitting from Baltimore to Washington D.C., the news of James K. Polk's nomination for the presidency. The relatively low cost of constructing wire systems made the Morse telegraph system seem the ideal answer to the problem of long-distance communication.

Interchangeable parts (c10)

revolutionized watch and clock making, the manufacturing of locomotives and steam engines, and the making of many farm tools. It would also make newer devices such as bicycles, sewing machines, typewriters, cash registers, and eventually the automobile possible.

Eli Whitney (c10)

is responsible for introducing interchangeable parts into gun factories, which then found their way into other industries

Elias Howe (c10)

In 1846, of Massachusetts constructed a sewing machine.

Isaac Singer (c10)

made improvements to Howe's sewing machine, and the Howe-Singer sewing machine was soon being used in the manufacturing of ready-to-wear clothing.

Lowell System (c10)

The "" relied heavily on young, unmarried women. In England and other places, the working conditions for women were very bad, causing many to flee to America in hopes of working in Lowell Mills. The Lowell workers lived in clean boarding houses. They maintained a proper environment for the employees, enforcing strict curfews, and requiring regular church attendance.

Commonwealth v. Hunt (c10)

In __, it was declared that unions were lawful organizations and that the strike was a lawful weapon. Although Massachusetts was the one to declare the decision, other state courts gradually accepted its principles. Despite this, the union movement of the 1840s and 50s remained generally ineffective.

John Deere (c10)

established a factory to manufacture steel plows at Moine, Illinois. His invention was more durable than those made of iron.

Cyrus McCormick (c10)

, of Virginia, invented the automatic reaper, which enabled one worker to harvest as much wheat in a day as five could harvest using older methods. McCormick, who had patented his device in 1834, established a factory at Chicago, in the heart of the grain belt.

Antebellum (c11)

In the North in the period, enormous sums were invested in roads, canals, and railroads to knit the region together into an integrated market.

Preston Brooks (c11)

When the South Carolina Congressman strode into the chamber of the United States Senate and savagely beat Senator Charles Sumner of Massachusetts with a cane to retaliate for what he considered an insult to a relative, he was acting wholly in accord with the idea of Southern honor. In the North, Brooks was reviled as a savage. In the South, he became a popular hero.

Charles Sumner (c11)

When the South Carolina Congressman Preston Brooks strode into the chamber of the United States Senate and savagely beat Senator of Massachusetts with a cane to retaliate for what he considered an insult to a relative, he was acting wholly in accord with the idea of Southern honor.

Task/gang systems (c11)

Large planters generally used two methods of assigning labor. One was the, under which enslaved people were assigned a particular task in the morning, for example, hoeing one acre; after completing the job, they were free for the rest of the day. The other method, the more popular one, was the gang system, under which enslaved people were simply divided into groups, each of them directed by a driver, and compelled to work for as many hours as the overseer considered a reasonable workday.

International slave trade (c11)

After 1808, when the became illegal in America, the proportion of African Americans to the white population steadily declined

Nat Turner (c11)

staged a revolt against white Southerners. It was because of this revolt that state laws governing slavery became more rigid.

Abolitionism (c11)

The rise of agitation in the North

“Manumission” (c11)

The new laws made it more difficult, and in some cases, impossible, for slaveholders to set free, or "" enslaved people.

Emancipation (c11)

Some African Americans were slaveholders, usually relatives whom they had bought in order to ensure their ultimate .

Amistad (c11)

The was a ship that was transporting 53 enslaved people in Cuba to another part of Cuba. The group took charge, with the goal of sailing back to their homeland, Africa. The enslaved people had no experience in sailing, and they tried to compel the crew to steer them across the Atlantic. Instead, the ship sailed up the Atlantic coast until it was captured by a ship of the United States Revenue Service. Thanks to the argument of John Quincy Adams, most of the formerly enslaved people were returned to Africa with funding from American abolitionists.

John Quincy Adams (c11)

, at the request of a group of abolitionists, went before the Supreme Court to argue that the enslaved people on the Amistad should be free. Adams argued that the foreign slave trade was illegal and thus the Amistad rebels could not be returned to slavery. The court accepted his argument, and most of the enslaved people aboard were returned to Africa.

Gabriel Prosser (c11)

In 1800, gathered 1,000 enslaved people in preparation for a revolt outside Richmond; but two Africans gave the plot away, and the Virginia militia stymied the uprising before it could begin. Prosser and thirty-five others were executed.

Denmark Vesey (c11)

In 1822, the Charleston free black and his followers (about 9,000) made preparations for revolt; but word leaked out, and suppression and retribution followed

Underground Railroad (c11)

In 1822, the Charleston free black Denmark Vesey and his followers (about 9,000) made preparations for revolt; but word leaked out, and suppression and retribution followed

Antebellum (c12)-In the United States, many people were looking at American paintings in the era-and they were doing so not because the paintings introduced them to the great traditions of Europe, but because they believed Americans were creating important new artistic traditions.

Hudson River School (c12)

The first great school of American painters emerged in New York. Frederic Church, Thomas Cole, Thomas Doughty, and Asher Durand

Ralph Waldo Emerson (c12)

was an American essayist, whom many of the painters read and admired. He considered nature-more than civilization-the best source of wisdom and spiritual fulfillment.
Henry David Thoreau (c12)

James Fenimore Cooper (c12)

The effort to create distinctly American literature made progress with the emergence of the first great American novelist:. _ was the author of more than thirty novels. He was known to his contemporaries as a master of adventure and suspense. His work was distinguishable due to its evocation of the American Wilderness. Cooper had grown up in central New York, at a time when the edge of white settlement was not far away; and he retained throughout his life a fascination with man's relationship to nature and with the challenges and danger of American expansion.

Transcendentalists (c12)-One of the outstanding expressions of the romantic impulse in America came from a group of New England writers and philosophers known as the . They borrowed heavily from German philosophers and English writers. They embraced a theory of the individual that rested on a distinction between what they called "reason" and "understanding." Reason, as they defined it, had little to go with rationality. It was, rather, the individual's innate capacity to grasp beauty and truth through giving full expression to the instincts and emotions; and as such, it was the highest human faculty. They argued understanding was the use of intellect in the narrow, artificial ways imposed by society. Each individual should strive to "transcend" the limits of the intellect and allow the emotions, the "soul", to create an "original relation to the universe.

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Brook Farm (c12)

, which was created by the Boston Transcendentalist George Ripley, and established as an experimental community in West Roxbury, Massachusetts. There according to Ripley, individuals would gather to create a new form of social organization. All residents would share equally in the labor of the community so that all could share too in the leisure because leisure was the first necessity for the cultivation of the self.

New Harmony (c12)

Robert Owen, a philanthropist, founded an experimental community in Indiana in 1825, which he . It was to be a "Village of Cooperation", in which every resident worked and lived in total equality. The community was an economic failure, but the vision that had inspired it continued to enchant Americans.

Mormonism (c12)

began in upstate New York as a result of the efforts of Joseph Smith. The Morons followed the Book of Mormon, and attempted to establish their own "New Jerusalem." They were often met with persecution from surrounding communities suspicious of their radical religious doctrines.

Joseph Smith (c12)

Joseph Smith published the Book of Mormon and founded Mormonism. Eventually, he was arrested and charged for treason. When an angry mob attacked the jail and forced him out of his cell, he was shot and killed.

Brigham Young (c12)

was Joseph Smith's successor. Under his leadership, the mormons traveled across the desert

Second Great Awakening (c12)

The was a religious revival that caused Protestant revivalism. The New Light revivalists had come to share the optimistic belief that every individual was capable of salvation.

Charles Grandison Finney (c12)

was an evangelistic Presbyterian minister who had become the most influential revival leader of the 1820s and 30s. He believed that traditional Calvinist Doctrines of predestination and individual human helplessness were both obsolete and destructive. Each person, he preached, contained within himself or herself the capacity to experience spiritual rebirth and achieve salvation. A revival of faith need not depend on a miracle from god; it could be created by individual effort.

“Burned-over district” (c12)

Finney enjoyed particular success in Upstate New York, where he helped launch a series of passionate revivals in towns along the Erie Canal

Horace Mann (c12)

was the first secretary of the Massachusetts Board of Education. To Mann and his followers, education was the only way to "counterwork" this tendency to the domination of capital and the servility of labor." He believed that the only way to promote democracy was to create an educated electorate. He reorganized the Massachusetts school system, lengthened the academic year to six months, doubled teachers salaries, enriched the curriculum, and introduced new methods of professional training for teachers.

Dorothea Dix (c12)

In Massachusetts, the social reformer began a national movement for new methods of treating the mentally ill. Imprisonment of debtors and paupers gradually disappeared, as did such traditional practices as legal public hangings.

Seneca Falls Convention (c12)

Mott, Stanton, Anthony and others organized a convention in Seneca Falls, New York, to discuss the question of women's rights.

“Declaration of Sentiments” (c12)

Out of the Seneca Falls convention, emerged a "", which was patterned on the 1776 Declaration of Independence. The document stated that "all men and women are created equal", that "women no less than men have certain inalienable rights." Their most prominent demand was for the right to vote, thus launching a movement for women suffrage that would continue until 1920. The document was more important for its rejection of the whole notion that men and women should be assigned separate "spheres" in society.

Elizabeth Blackwell (c12)

, born in England, gained acceptance and fame as a physician.

American Colonization Society (c12)

In 1817, a group of prominent white Virginians organized the , which worked carefully to challenge slavery without challenging property rights or Southern sensibilities. The ACS proposed a gradual manumission of enslaved people, with slaveholders receiving compensation through funds raised by private charity or appropriated by state legislatures. The society would then transport liberated enslaved people out of the country and help them to establish a new society of their own elsewhere.

William Lloyd Garrison (c12)

was the founder of his own weekly newspaper, the Liberator. Garrison believed that opponents of slavery should view the institution from the point of view of the black man, not the white slaveholder. They should not, as earlier reformers had done, talk about the evil influence of slavery on white society; instead, they should talk about the damage the immediate, unconditional, universal abolition of slavery. He argued that they were not emancipists, but that their real aim was to strengthen slavery by ridding the country of those African Americans who were already free. He wished to extend to African Americans all the rights of American citizenship.

Liberator (c12)

The was a weekly Boston newspaper founded by William Lloyd Garrison, he shared his beliefs in the paper.

Sojourner Truth (c12)

was a freed black woman who spent several years involved in a strange religious cult in upstate New York. She emerged as a powerful and eloquent spokeswoman for the abolition of slavery.

Frederick Douglass (c12)

was the greatest African American Abolitionist and one of the most electrifying orators. He was born into slavery in Maryland, but escaped to Massachusetts in 1828 and became an outspoken leader of antislavery sentiment, and spent two years lecturing in England. He purchased his freedom from his Maryland slaveholder, and he published his own newspaper and an autobiography. He demanded for African Americans not only freedom but full social and economic equality as well.

North Star (c12)

was Douglass's antislavery newspaper founded in Rochester, New York.

Underground Railroad (c12)

was created by the Garrisons in order to help enslaved people find refuge in the North or in Canada.

Liberty Party (c12)

The Abolitionist never formed a political party, but the antislavery sentiment underlay the formation in 1840 of the , which chose Birney as its presidential candidate. However the party never campaigned for outright abolition, but stood instead for "free soil.

“Free soil” (c12)

The Liberty Party stood for "", or for keeping slavery out of the territories. Some free-soilers were concerned about the welfare of African Americans; others cared nothing about the enslaved people but simply wanted to keep the West a country for White Americans. Garrison dismissed free-soilism as "white-manism." But the free-soil position would ultimately do what abolitionism never could accomplish: attract the support of large numbers, even a majority, of the white population of the North.

Harriet Beecher Stowe (c12)

was the author of Uncle Tom’s Cabin, whose publication caused her to be seen as a hero in the North.

Uncle Tom’s Cabin (c12)

In _, Stowe combined the emotional conventions of the sentimental novel with the political ideas of the abolition movement, and to sensational effect. Her novel, my embedding the antislavery message within a familiar and popular literary form, succeeded in bringing the message of abolitionism to an enormous new audience. The novel’s emotional portrayal of good, kindly enslaved people victimized by a cruel system; of the loyal, trusting Uncle Tom; of the vicious overseer Simon Legree; of the escape of the beautiful Eliza; of the heartening death of little Eva– all became a part of American popular legend. And in both regions, her novel helped to inflame sectional tensions to a new level of passion.

“Manifest Destiny” (c13)

rested on the idea that America was destined

Henry Clay (c13)

feared, correctly as it turned out, that territorial expansion would reopen the painful controversy over slavery and threaten the stability of the Union. But his voice was barely audible over the clamor of enthusiasm for expansion in the 1840s.

Stephen F. Austin (c13)

was a young immigrant from Missouri who had established the first legal American settlement in Texas in 1822. Austin and other intermediaries were effective in recruiting American immigrants to Texas, but they also created centers of power in the region that competed with the Mexican government. He was eventually arrested for being accused of encouraging revolts among his fellow Americans.

Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna (c13)

In the mid-1830s, instability in Mexico drove General __ to seize power as a dictator and impose a new, more autocratic regime on the nation and its territories. After the American settlers in 1836 proclaimed independence, Santa Anna led a large army into Texas, where the settlers were having difficulties organizing an effective defense of their new "nation.

Alamo (c13)

Mexican forces annihilated an American garrison at the mission in San Antonio after a famous, if futile, defense by a group of Texas patriots.

Sam Houston (c13)

was a general who managed to keep a small force together before defeating the Mexican Army at the Battle of San Jacinto.

Battle of San Jacinto (c13)

At the __, Houston defeated the Mexican army and took Santa Anna prisoner. Santa Anna, under pressure from his captors, signed a treaty giving Texas independence.

John Tyler (c13)

When England and France quickly recognized and concluded trade treaties with Texas,, in response, persuaded Texas to apply for statehood again in 1844, but it was rejected.

California Gold Rush (c13)

In the early 1850s, the great __attracted many single men. Most were relatively prosperous, young people. Most people could not afford the expensive trip, and did so by joining established families or groups as laborers.

James K. Polk (c13)

had represented Tennessee in the House of Representatives for fourteen years, four of them as speaker, and he served as governor as well. He was the democratic candidate for the election of 1844.

Zachary Taylor (c13)

Polk accepted the Texas claim, and in the summer of 1845, he sent a small army under General to Texas to protect it against a possible Mexican invasion.

John Slidell (c13)

Having appeared to prepare for war, Polk turned to diplomacy and dispatched a special minister, , to try to buy off Mexican leaders, who ended up rejecting Slidell's offer to purchase the disputed territories.

Stephen W. Kearny (c13)

In the summer of 1846, a small army under Colonel ___ captured Santa Fe with no opposition. Then Kearny proceeded to California, where he joined a conflict already in progress that was being staged jointly by American settlers.

John C. Fremont (c13)

led a well-armed exploring party in the Bear Flag Revolution.

Winfield Scott (c13)

was the commanding general of the army and its finest soldier. He launched a bold new campaign. Scott assembled an army at Tampico, which the navy transported down the Mexican coast to Veracruz. Scott then advanced 260 miles along the Mexican National highway toward Mexico City, kept American casualties low, and never lost a battle before finally seizing the Mexican capital.