ANAPHY_ENDOCRINE, BLOOD, URINE

GOOD REVIEWER REAL NA REAL

Kidneys

Filter blood to produce urine, regulate electrolytes, and maintain fluid balance.

Bean-shaped organs that filter blood, removing waste products and forming urine

Ureters

Tubes that transport urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder.

Urinary Bladder

A hollow muscular organ that stores urine until it is ready to be expelled.

Urethra

A tube through which urine exits the body.

function of urinary system

Excretion of Waste Products
Regulation of Blood Volume and Pressure
Regulation of Electrolyte Balance
Regulation of Blood pH
Production of Hormones

GLOMERULAR FILTRATION (GFR)

Blood flows thru kidneys and filtration occurs

GFR

90-120 ml/min

Tabular reabsorption

the process that moves solutes and water out of the filtrate and back into your bloodstream

TABULAR SECRETION

the transfer of materials from peritubular capillaries to the renal tubular lumen

BLOOD UREA NITROGEN

NORMAL WASTE PRODUCTS RESULTING FROM THE BREAKDOWN OF PROTEINS

BUN

7-20 mq/dL

CREATININE

End product of muscle metabolism

CREATININE MEASURE

0.6-1.2 mq/dl

URINE SPECIFIC GRAVITY

MEASURES THE KIDNEYS ABILITYTO EXCRETE OR CONSERVE WATER

UCG

1.010- 1.030

retroperitoneal organ

is an organ that is located behind the peritoneum, the membrane that lines the abdominal cavity

Examples of retroperitoneal organs

“SAD PUCKER” • S: Suprarenal glands (adrenal glands) • A: Aorta and inferior vena cava • D: Duodenum (second and third parts) • P: Pancreas (except the tail) • U: Ureters • C: Colon (ascending and descending) • K: Kidneys • E: Esophagus (abdominal part) • R: Rectum (partially)

bean shaped organs, size of fist, 11 cm long, 5-7 cm wide, and 2.5 cm thick.

Size and Shape: kidney

Vertebral column between the T12 and L3

Location: kidney

Renal Capsule

A tough fibrous layer that encloses each kidney, providing protection.

Perirenal Fat

A layer of fat surrounding the renal capsule, offering cushioning and support.

Renal Fascia

A connective tissue layer that anchors the kidneys to surrounding structures.

Renal Cortex

The outer layer of the kidney where the majority of the nephrons are located, involved in filtering blood.

Renal Medulla

The inner region consisting of cone-shaped renal pyramids. These pyramids contain the loops of Henle and collecting ducts, which play a key role in concentrating urine

Renal Pyramids

Located in the medulla, these structures are composed of tubules that transport urine from the cortical part of the kidney to the calyces. (cone shape)

Renal Columns

Extensions of the renal cortex between the pyramids, which allow passage of blood vessels and nerves

Renal Pelvis

A funnel-shaped cavity that collects urine from the renal pyramids and directs it into the ureter.

Major and Minor Calyces

Branches of the renal pelvis that receive urine from the renal pyramids before it flows into the renal pelvis.

Nephrons

The functional units of the kidney, where blood filtration and urine formation occur. Each kidney contains about 1 million.

Hilum

The indented area on the medial side of the kidney where the renal artery enters and the renal vein and ureter exit

1 million

How many nephrons kidney contains?

Glomerulus

Filters blood (Main Structures: • Renal Corpuscle)

Bowman’s Capsule

Collects the filtrate. (Main Structures: • Renal Corpuscle)

Proximal Convoluted Tubule (PCT)

Major reabsorption (Main Structures-Renal Tubule)

Loop of Henle

Concentrates urine (descending limb absorbs water; ascending limb absorbs ions).
(Main Structures-Renal Tubule)

Distal Convoluted Tubule (DCT):

Regulates ions under hormonal control (aldosterone). (Main Structures-Renal Tubule)

Collecting Duct:

Final urine concentration under antidiuretic hormone (ADH). (Main Structures-Renal Tubule)

Cortical 85%

Short loops, mostly in the cortex. (types of nephrons)

Juxtamedullary 15%

Long loops, critical for concentrating urine. (types of nephrons)

Aldosterone

• Secreted by the adrenal glands when blood sodium is low or blood pressure is low.
• Promotes sodium reabsorption in the kidneys, which also helps water reabsorption.
• Increases blood volume and pressure.

ADH

• Released by the brain when the body is dehydrated.
• Increases water reabsorption in the kidneys.
• Results in concentrated urine and helps maintain blood volume

Renin

Regulates blood pressure through RAAS (released by Juxtaglomerular Apparatus).

Renal Corpuscle

• Components: Glomerulus + Bowman’s Capsule.
• Role: Filtration of blood to form filtrate (pre-urine).
• Significance: Initiates urine formation by allowing water, ions, and small molecules to pass while retaining blood cells and large proteins.

Proximal Convoluted Tubule (PCT)

• Role: Major site for reabsorption (about 65-70% of filtrate).
• Significance: Reabsorbs essential nutrients (glucose, amino acids), electrolytes (sodium, bicarbonate), and water, preventing their loss and maintaining fluid balance.

Loop of Henle

Components: Descending Limb (permeable to water) + Ascending Limb (impermeable to water).
• Role: Concentrates urine through countercurrent multiplication.
• Significance: Establishes a concentration gradient in the medulla, allowing for the

Distal Convoluted Tubule (DCT)

• Role: Further reabsorption of sodium, chloride, and water; site for secretion of potassium and hydrogen ions.
• Significance: Regulates electrolyte balance and acid-base homeostasis under hormonal control (e.g., aldosterone).

Collecting Duct

• Role: Final site for water reabsorption and urine concentration.
• Significance: Regulated by ADH, it adjusts urine concentration based on the body’s hydration status, influencing blood volume and pressure.

Renal Artery

Blood enters the kidney through the renal artery, which branches off from the abdominal aorta.

Segmental Arteries

The renal artery divides into segmental arteries, supplying different regions of the kidney

Interlobar Arteries

Segmental arteries branch into interlobar arteries, which run between the renal pyramids

Arcuate Arteries

Interlobar arteries curve at the boundary between the cortex and medulla, forming arcuate arteries

Cortical Radiate Arteries

Arcuate arteries branch into cortical radiate arteries, which supply the renal cortex

Afferent Arterioles

Cortical radiate arteries branch into afferent arterioles that supply individual nephrons.

Glomerulus

Afferent arterioles lead to the glomeruli, where filtration of blood occurs

Efferent Arterioles

Blood exits the glomeruli through efferent arterioles, which carry blood away from the glomerulus.

Peritubular Capillaries and Vasa Recta

Efferent arterioles branch into peritubular capillaries (around cortical nephrons) and vasa recta (around juxtamedullary nephrons) for reabsorption and secretion.

Cortical Radiate Vein

Blood from peritubular capillaries collects into cortical radiate veins

Arcuate Veins

Cortical radiate veins drain into arcuate veins

Interlobar Veins

Arcuate veins drain into interlobar veins.

Renal Vein

Interlobar veins converge to form the renal vein, which exits the kidney and drains into the inferior vena cava.

Filtration:

Glomerulus:

Collection

Bowman’s Capsule:

Reabsorption

Proximal Convoluted Tubule (PCT):

Descending Limb and Ascending Limb

Loop of Henle:

Reabsorption and Secretion

Distal Convoluted Tubule (DCT):

Final Concentration

Collecting Duct:

Excretion

Renal Pelvis:

Descending Limb:

Permeable to water, allowing water to move out into the hyperosmotic medulla, concentrating the filtrate

Ascending Limb:

Impermeable to water, actively transports sodium, potassium, and chloride out, diluting the filtrate while maintaining a high osmolarity in the medulla

Blood

is a fluid connective tissue composed of plasma, extracellular matrix, and formed elements, the cells of the tissue.

plasma and formed elements.

Blood is a type of connective tissue that consists of two main components:

Plasma

The liquid matrix of blood, making up about 55% of total blood volume

Formed Elements

Cells and cell fragments in the blood, making up about 45% of total blood volume

M5-6, F4-5L

BLOOD VOLUME

91

PERCENTAGE OF WATER IN PLASMA

7

PERCENTAGE OF PROTEIN IN PLASMA

Albumin 58%

(plasma proteins): helps with osmotic pressure and water balance

Globulins 38%

(plasma proteins): includes antibodies, complement, and transport molecules for hormones and other molecules

Fibrinogen 4%

(plasma proteins): a clotting factor that forms blood clots

Serum

The clear liquid part of the blood that remains after blood cells and clotting proteins have been removed.

Red Blood Cells 95%

• formed elements

  • Description: Biconcave disk, no nucleus, contains hemoglobin

  • Function: Transports oxygen and carbon dioxide

White Blood Cells 5%

• formed elements

  • Spherical cells with a nucleus

  • Five types

Hematopoiesis

The process that produces formed elements, occurring continuously throughout our lives.

2.5 million

Red Blood Cell Production: how many RBC are destroyed every second

Neutrophils

Most common type, with small cytoplasmic granules that stain with a light pink or reddish purple (PHAGOCYTES)

Basophils

Less common, nucleus with two indistinct lobes; cytoplasmic granules stain blue-purple; function: releases histamines, which promotes inflammation and heparin

Eosinophils

nucleus is often bilobed; cytoplasmic granules stain orange-red or bright red

participates in inflammatory response of allergic reactions and asthma

Lymphocyte

• Smallest of the white blood cells

  • Cytoplasm consists of a thin ring around the nucleus

Monocyte

Nucleus round, kidney-shaped or horse-shoe-shaped
Phagocytic cell in the blood; leaves the blood and becomes a macrophage

Myeloid and lymphoid stem cells

Two types of intermediate stem cells

Vascular spasm

Immediate but temporary construction of a blood vessel that results when smooth muscle within the wall of the blood vessel contracts.

Platelet aggregation

Fibrinogen forms bridges between the fibrinogen receptor of numerous platelets, resulting in a platelet plug

Blood clotting

Constriction and platelet plugs are NOT sufficient to close large tears or cuts in blood vessels. results in the formation of clot

transfusion

transfer of blood or blood components from one individual to another.

infusion

Introduction of a fluid other than blood, such as a saline or glucose solution, into the blood

Transfusion Reactions

occur when the body's immune system reacts to the introduction of foreign blood cells.

Type A blood

Has type A antigens and anti-B antibodies.

Type B blood

 Has type B antigens and anti-A antibodies.

Type AB blood

Has both type A and type B antigens, but no anti-A or anti-B antibodies.

Type O blood

Has neither type A nor type B antigens, but has both anti-A and anti-B antibodies.

(UNIVERSAL DONOR)