Cervical (7) – Neck region Thoracic (12) – Upper back, each vertebra connected to a rib Lumbar (5) – Lower back, supports most body weight

What is the sacrum?

Formed by the fusion of several vertebrae at the distal end; connects the spine to the pelvis.

What is the coccyx?

A small, rudimentary structure formed from fused vertebrae; a vestige of a tail.

What is lumbar lordosis?

Excessive inward curvature of the lumbar spine that can cause lower back pain.

Describe the clavicle.

An S-shaped bone located horizontally across the upper chest, connecting the sternum medially to the scapula laterally.

What are common causes for clavicle fractures?

Commonly fractured due to falls on an outstretched arm.

What is the scapula and its shape?

A flat, triangular bone on the posterior side of the thoracic cage.

What articulates with the glenoid cavity?

The humerus to form the shoulder joint.

What is the primary role of the pectoral girdle?

Connects the bones of the upper limbs to the axial skeleton and facilitates a wide range of motion.

What are the key components of the pectoral girdle?

Clavicle (collarbone) and scapula (shoulder blade).

What is the humerus?

The arm bone.

What does the radius refer to?

The forearm bone.

What is the ulna?

The beside forearm bone, which is smaller than the radius.

What are carpals?

The wrist bones, totaling 8.

What are metacarpals?

The five bones of the palm.

What are phalanges?

The 14 finger bones.

What is the femur?

The longest and strongest bone in the human body.

What does the proximal end of the femur articulate with?

The hip (acetabulum).

What does the distal end of the femur articulate with?

The tibia and patella to form the knee joint.

What are key features of the femur?

The head of the femur fits into the hip socket (acetabulum); greater and lesser trochanters are attachment sites for muscles.