Exam 1 History of Psychology

Henrique's pyramid

Data, information, knowledge, wisdom

Neal A. Maxwell's Four Bridges

Bridges can be built, but not easily; some bridges can be built but not right now; some bridges are already built but need to be widened; some bridges cannot be built.

Hippocrates' humoral theory

Diseases are natural and not demonic; 4 humors: blood, yellow bile, black bile, phlegm.

Plato's Cave

Perspective changes knowledge and many avoid things that change their knowledge. appearance and form distinction

Plato's three components of the psyche

Appetative, Spirited, rational.

Aristotle's order of the psyches

Vegetative soul - plants - reproduction and growth; Sensitive soul - animals - mobility and sensation; Rational soul - humans - thought and reflection.

Avicenna's floating man conclusions

The soul must exist since we have knowledge of its presence.

The first rule of Descartes' method

Skepticism.

Components of Descartes' simple natures

Those whose existence cannot be analyzed or doubted (not the senses). Extension and motion. Cognito ergo sum.

Locke's primary qualities

observable, inherent, parts of the whole

Locke's secondary qualities

Perceived, understanding the whole

Locke's three degrees of knowledge

Intuitive - immediately and obviously true; Demonstrative - true but only obvious through logical reasoning; Sensitive - created by patterns of sensory experience.

Leibniz's early mathematical discoveries

Binary arithmetic - used for computer algorithm; Infinitesimal calculus - velocity of a moving object at any given time.

Pantheism

God is the universe. Leibniz and Spinoza

Physiognomy

Gall picked up, Study of facial expressions to determine personality via Lavater.

Phrenology

Gall came up with, Study of the skull to determine personality. Flourens discredited.

Flourens' methodologies

Ablation (pigeons): surgical removal of parts of the brain to help determine their function; brain cortex works as a whole

Types of aphasia

Broca's - aka non-fluent or expressive, Tan; Wernicke's - aka fluent or receptive, can talk but it may not make sense, cruise

The law of mass action

Lashley (learning and memory)- the efficiency of completing a task will decrease in degree to the proportion of brain injury.

Penfield, types of responses to brain stimulation

See if electrical stimulation can cause epilepsy, Experimental phenomena - hallucinations, dreams, memory recollections via electrical stimulation; Interpretive responses (in temporal lobe) - deja vu, fear, loneliness, strangeness via conditioned responses; Motor response - movements such as ones that happen by stimulating the primary motor cortex; Pain responses - rare but occur in the medial part of the SII area of in the posterior and upper part of the insular cortex.

Hume's view of causality

Causality is via experience, not nature and thus can be subjective.

Kant's view of causality

Causality is a pure concept of understanding that determines the order of perceptions.

Helmholtz on sensations vs perceptions

Sensations: The raw elements of conscious experience that don't need to be learned; Perceptions: The meaningful interpretations of sensations.

Fechner's law

S = k log P.

Steven's law

S = kP^n (when stimulus is strong enough that it exponentially increases). aka power law

Basic definition of Gestalt psychology

How the mind organizes experiences and perceptions into organized wholes that are more than the sums of their separate parts.

Figure-ground principles of Gestalt

1. figure-ground effect - figure vs the background; 2. Similarity - group things together based on relatedness; 3. Proximity - group things together based on closeness; 4. Common region - we like to put things in a container; 5. Continuity - follow color or other similarities; 6. Closure - closing gaps and creating frames.

Volkerpsychologie

Wundt, Study of people and culture. How people think and interact

Order and associations of Greeks

Socrates: nativism; Plato: nativism (not a sophist), wrote for Socrates; Aristotle, empiricist, student of Plato

Fritsch and Hitzig

sensory strip behind motor strip, electrical stimulation

Kant's intuitions

Space (sensible) and time (intellectual)

Helmholtz studied

reaction time, faster in smaller organisms

Weber studied

just noticeable differences, determined jnd is different for every sense

Fechner

expanded on jnd and came up with an absolute threshold

Titchener's view of structuralism

look at the structure of mental phenomena before looking at its function

Wundt's sensations

Categorized according to mode (visual, auditory, tactile, etc.)

Wundt's feelings

Categorized by 3 dimensions: Pleasantness vs unpleasantness; Tension vs relaxation; Activity vs passivity

nonsense sylables

Ebbinghaus, c-v-c, challenged memory of neutral stimuli

forgetting curve

Ebbinghaus, memory declines rapidly at first then levels off

Tomography

recent, imaging of objects as collections created by various kinds of penetrating waves

Recent

Cognitive resurgence, cognitive/social neuroscience

Appearance vs ideal form

Plato, actual conscious experience vs the essence

Empricism

the observable and measurable

Aristotle's 4 causes

material (what it is made out of), formal (idea or plan that caused it), efficient (actions that caused it), final (purpose)

Fibonacci sequence

Each new number is the sum of the 2 that preceded it

Tabula rasa

Locke, blank slate

Locke is an

Empiricist

Leibniz is a

rationalist

Theory of monads

Leibniz, building blocks with energy and awareness (bare, sentient, rational, and supreme)

Thomas Willis

studied the anatomy of the brain

Phenomenal world

Kant, our inner and subjective world based on perception, "things in themselves"

life space

Gestalt trained Kurt Lewin, totality of one's psychological situation at any given moment

Gestalt founders

Max Wertheimer, Kurt Koffka, Wolfgang Kohler

Introspection

Wundt, observation and reporting of inner experience (also Titchener)

James Cattell

designed equipment to measure when stimulus was perceived (lip movement, etc.)

Titchener

hated applied psychology, stimulus error (putting interpretation into stimulus)

Mary Whiton Calkins

Harvard PhD, first female APA president

Christine Ladd-Franklin

theory of color vision, built on Helmholtz and Herring, pioneer in symbolic logic and syllogism, critiqued Titchener

Eleanor Gable

Titchener's PhD student, expert in Weber's law (smell), teacher in psych and philosophy

Margaret Floy Washburn

Titchener's first grad student, first women with psychology PhD, later became an APA president

Mechanistic physiology

Descartes, automation and reflex, origination of neuropsychology

Bartholow

stimulated a women's brain which eventually killed her

Global aphasia

most severe, struggle to understand and speak

PPA

primary progressive aphasia, caused by neurodegenerative diseases

anomic aphasia

struggle to find the right words to speak or write

Categorical imperative

Kant, how to determine morality, is their action one that should be made universally, "golden rules"

"King of Experimental Psychology"

Wundt, first lab in Leipzig

Mental chronometry

Wundt, reaction times not only teach about attention but can also lead to inferences about consciousness and other central processes

Wundt lab weakness

very subjective

Descartes considered the ____ to be the source in the brain that unified images from the outside world for presentation to the soul.

Pineal gland

According to Locke, a ________ may include the characteristics of brown, oblong, hardness, and portable; when combined they form a _______ of football.

Simple idea, complex idea

Which gospel concept most resembles Leibniz's concept of apperception?

Pondering

A major consequence of the adoption of the doctrine of physiological mechanism by Helmholtz and his fellow students was that they

were encouraged to try to solve problems that previously seemed unsolvable, such as analyzing and measuring the nervous impulse.

Gustav Fechner was especially pleased to discover his psychophysical law because

it indicated an underlying harmony between the "two faces" (physical and psychological) of nature

The study of relationships between the objectively measured intensities of various stimuli and the subjective impressions of those intensities is referred to as

psychophysics.

Golden Ratio

1:1.6

Blood

Sanguine, enthusiastic, active, and social

Yellow bile

Choleric, short-tempered, fast, or irritable

Black Bile

Melancholic, analytical, wise, and quiet

Phlegm

Phlegmatic, relaxed, and peaceful

Leibniz was employed by

Elector of Mainz to be his legal advisor

Leibniz was also interested in

chinese history and continental nativism

bare blocks

cluster together to form material things

sentient blocks

comprise the soul of non-human beings

Supreme

simulates experiences between other monads

Calkins studied

conscious self and personalistic introspective psychology,

Plato and his

academy