Chapter 14 Energy Balance and Body Composition

These flashcards cover key vocabulary and concepts from Chapter 14 on energy balance and body composition, providing definitions and explanations to aid in studying for the exam.

Energy Balance

The relationship between energy intake and energy expenditure.

Positive Energy Balance

A state in which energy intake exceeds energy expenditure, leading to weight gain.

Negative Energy Balance

A state in which energy expenditure exceeds energy intake, resulting in weight loss.

Basal Metabolism

The energy required for the body's essential physiological functions at rest.

Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR)

The number of kilocalories the body requires at rest to maintain basic physiological functions.

Lean Body Mass (LBM)

The total weight of all body tissues except fat; includes muscle, bones, and organs.

Total Daily Energy Expenditure (TDEE)

The total number of kilocalories expended in a day, including BMR and physical activities.

Thermic Effect of Food (TEF)

The amount of energy expended by the body to digest and absorb food.

Thermic Effect of Exercise (TEE)

The number of kilocalories expended during physical activity.

Non-Exercise Activity Thermogenesis (NEAT)

The energy expended for activities other than sleeping, eating, or sports.

Kilocalories

A unit of energy used to measure the energy content of foods and beverages.

Bomb Calorimeter

An instrument used to measure the heat of combustion of a substance.

Hydrostatic Weighing

A method for measuring body fat by comparing weight underwater to weight in air.

Dual-Energy X-ray Absorptiometry (DEXA)

An imaging technique that uses low-level X-rays to measure body composition.

Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis (BIA)

A method that estimates body composition based on the resistance of body tissues to an electrical current.

Skinfold Measurement

A technique used to estimate body fat percentage by measuring the thickness of skinfolds at specific sites.

Visceral Fat

Fat stored in the abdominal cavity surrounding internal organs.

Subcutaneous Fat

Fat stored directly under the skin.

Essential Fat

The minimum amount of body fat necessary for basic physical and physiological health.

Adipose Tissue

Body fat tissue that stores energy and regulates various metabolic processes.

Adaptive Thermogenesis

The process by which the body adjusts heat production in response to changes in the environment.

Resting Metabolic Rate (RMR)

The energy expenditure measured when a person is awake but at rest.

Height–Weight Tables

Tools used to estimate healthy weight ranges based on height.

Body Mass Index (BMI)

A numerical value calculated from height and weight to assess body fatness.

Anorexia Nervosa

An eating disorder characterized by self-starvation and a fear of weight gain.

Bulimia Nervosa

An eating disorder characterized by cycles of binge eating followed by compensatory behaviors.

Binge Eating Disorder (BED)

Characterized by recurrent episodes of binge eating without purging.

Eating Disorder

Psychiatric disorders associated with abnormal eating patterns and behaviors.

Disordered Eating

A variety of abnormal eating behaviors that may not qualify as a clinical eating disorder.

Orthorexia

An unhealthy obsession with healthy eating.

Night Eating Syndrome

A pattern of disordered eating that involves consuming large amounts of food at night.

Pica

An eating disorder characterized by cravings for non-food items, such as dirt or clay.

Health Risks

Potential negative effects on health, often associated with body fat levels and distribution.

Body Composition

The composition of body tissues, including fat and lean mass.

Food Composition Tables

Resources that provide nutritional information about the caloric content of various foods.

Caffeine

A stimulant that can slightly increase BMR.

Insulin Resistance

A condition in which cells become less responsive to insulin, often associated with obesity.

Epidemiological Studies

Research that examines the relationships between health and disease within populations.

Physical Activity Factors

Numerical values assigned to levels of physical activity for calculating energy requirements.

Harris-Benedict Equation

An equation used to calculate RMR based on gender, age, height, and weight.

Weight Circumference

A measurement used to assess central obesity and health risk.

Core Exercises

Exercises that strengthen the muscles of the abdomen and lower back.

Chronic Stress

Long-term psychological stress that can affect metabolism and health.

Thyroid Hormones

Hormones that regulate metabolic rate.

Environmental Temperature

The temperature surrounding an individual that can influence metabolism.

Negative Energy Balance

Occurs when energy expenditure surpasses energy intake, resulting in weight loss.

Positive Energy Balance

Occurs when energy intake exceeds energy expenditure, resulting in weight gain.

Weight Gain

An increase in body weight due to positive energy balance.

Weight Loss

A decrease in body weight due to negative energy balance.

Psychological Impact

Effects on mental health resulting from body image and eating behaviors.

Social Pressure

Influence from societal norms and expectations regarding body image.

Nutritional State

The status of an individual's nutrient intake and overall health.