The Cell Cycle, Mitosis, and Meiosis - Biology

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cell division

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creates new cells(from 1 to 2 new cells)

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asexual reproduction

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creating genetically identical offspring

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heyyyyyy guys so this is a review for bio for the cell cycle, mitosis and meiosis (meiosis 1 and meiosis 2) :)))) enjoy!!!! :) happy testing!! I wish you all the best of luck! Good luck!

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85 Terms

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cell division

creates new cells(from 1 to 2 new cells)

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asexual reproduction

creating genetically identical offspring

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what are some advantages of asexual reproduction?

quick, easier, no pregnancy, less time, clone

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sexual reproduction

creating genetically diverse offspring(only main advantage)

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binary fission

a type of asexual reproduction

used by many bacteria

creates 2 daughter cells from 1 parent

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chromatin

loosely wound DNA

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chromosome

tightly wound DNA

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what is the DNA in a chromosome wrapped around

histone proteins

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sister chromatids

duplicated chromosomes held together at centromere (X)

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interphase

G1, S, G2 except Mitosis

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What is the order of the cell cycle?

G1, S, G2, M

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mitosis

nuclear division that maintains chromosome number

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how many chromosomes per human

46 chromosomes

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what are the 4 phases of mitosis

prophase

metaphase

anaphase

telophase

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what happens in prophase

nucleolus disappears

chromatin condense into chromosomes

separation of centrosomes(centrioles)

formation of spindle fibers

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what happens in prometaphase

nuclear envelope disassembles

spindle fibers (microtubules) attach to chromosomes

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what happens in metaphase

chromosomes align on the metaphase plane (middle)

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what happens in anaphase

chromatids separate towards opposite poles

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what happens in telophase

new nuclear envelope forms

chromosomes unfold back into chromatin

nucleoli reappear

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what is cytokinesis

occurs after mitosis

daughter cells divide

2 new cells form from 1 original cell

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how do plant cells do cell division

form a new cell wall from cell plate

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how is a cell plate formed

vesicles line up

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how do animal cells do cell division

they pinch and turn into 2 cells from 1 cell

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how do animal cells pinch

cleavage furrow with is a contracting ring making 2 new cells from 1

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what is cancer

uncontrolled cell division

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what is a mass of cells called

tumor

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what do most cells need to divide

growth factor (proteins and signals tell them to divide)

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why are checkpoints important

to make sure cells are good and correct so that there are no issues, no bad cells replicating

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what happens if a cell fails a checkpoint

G0 —> try to fix cell—> can’t fix them destroy cell

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apoptosis

programmed cell death

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why is apoptosis good

it prevents cancer and only affects the 1 cell (not like all cells getting damaged)

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necrosis

cell dies due to trauma, etc., not programmed, causes damage to other cells

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what do cancer cells do at checkpoints

ignore them

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what are the stages of cancer and what do they mean

1- small mass

2- spread in the same area

3+4- spread to other parts of the body

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what is it called when cells spread to other parts of the body

metastasize

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ploidy

number of sets of chromosomes

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haploid

1 set of chromosomes

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diploid

2 sets of chromosomes

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humans are diploid or haploid

diploid we have 46 chromosomes in 2 sets 1 set from mom and 1 from dad (23 from each)

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what is the 23 set of our chromosomes

XY

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for every single type of chromosome we have we have how many sets

2

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mitosis drawing

knowt flashcard image
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Meiosis definition

nuclear division that halves chromosome number

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What is the result of meiosis 1 and meiosis 2

meiosis 1 - starts from 1 diploid cell and results in 2 haploid cells

meiosis 2 - starts from 2 haploid cells and results in 4 diploid cells

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haploid shorthand

1n

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diploid shorthand

2n

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what kind of cells come from meiosis

gametes (sperm and eggs)

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what kind of cells are the first cells in meiosis

germ cells

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what are germ cells

they are in ovaries and testes and are supposed to make sperm and egg

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why don't germ cells just immediately split into four cells

we would run out of germ cells

<p>we would run out of germ cells</p>
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What do the cells do instead to preserve a germ cell

they perform mitosis

<p>they perform mitosis</p>
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what are the 3 ways meiosis increases genetic diversity

crossing over, independent assortment, random fertilization

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what is independent assortment

how they line up all ways are equally likely because it is random

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when does independent assortment occur

metaphase 1

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what does the diploid shorthand (2^n) mean/determine

n = sets of chromosomes (for example humans have 23)

so 2^n helps determine the number of different combinations or orders of chromosomes

(humans 2²3 = 8,000,000)

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what is crossing over/ genetic recombination

when the 2 chromosomes cross over each other and swap some genes

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when does crossing over occur

during Prophase 1

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when crossing over what has to match for them to be able to cross over

their number (a 1 to a 1, 2 to a 2, etc)

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the area that swaps on a chromosome is called

chiasma

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what is random fertalization

sperm and egg are random, random sperm fertilizes random egg

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what is nondisjunction

when chromosomes don’t separate correctly

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how can nondisjunction occur in meiosis 1

this can happen because of the failure of a pair of homologous chromosomes to separate during meiosis 1 (an entire tetrad moves to one side)

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how can nondisjunction occur in meiosis 2

the failure of sister chromatids to separate during meiosis 2

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what is affected if the mistake occurs in meiosis 1

it will affect all four gametes (sperm or egg)

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what is affected if the mistake occurs in meiosis 2

only 2 gametes will be affected

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what is a karyotype

a picture of someones chromosomes

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what are a males sex chromosomes

XY

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what are a females sex chromosomes

XX

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whta is it called when there is an extra copy of chromosomes 21

down syndrome (trisomy 21)

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what is the biggest risk factor for having a child with trisomy 21

a woman’s age

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why is a woman’s age a big risk factor

nondisjunction increases as you age

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what is the effect of an abnormal number of sex chromosomes

not usually any effects

doesn’t usually affect survival (could)

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health issues sometimes come with what chromosomes

XXY

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usually normal with what chromosomes

XXX

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mutation

a change in DNA

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gametes are produced by

meiosis

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what is the first cell of a new human called and what is the process that the cell does to create more cells to become multicelluar?

zygote and the process is mitosis

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difference between mitosis and meiosis

mitosis creates all the hair, skin, nails, etc.

meiosis creates gametes (from sperm and egg cells), crossing over occurs

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In humans, the haploid number of chromosomes is 23. Independent assortment has the possibility of producing __________ different gametes.

2²³

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karyotype

knowt flashcard image
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order of meiosis I

prophase I

metaphase I

anaphase I

telophase I

cytokinesis

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order of meiosis II

prophase II

metaphase II

anaphase II

telophase II

cytokinesis

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difference between benign and malignant tumors

malignant tumors metastasize, spread

benign tumors do not spread

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difference between meiosis 1 and meiosis 2

meiosis 1 - homologous pairs separate (happens in anaphase 1)

meiosis 2 - sister chromatids separate (happens in anaphase 2)

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What is to be on the test

multiple choice, short answer, and drawing (prolly drawing cell cycle??, mitosis, meiosis 1, meiosis 2??)