UC Scout Biology Final

_ is the process by which glucose is broken down into two molecules of pyruvate for the purpose of generating _.

Glycolysis; ATP

In glycolysis, the net number of molecules of produced from each molecule of __ is two.

ATP; glucose

During cellular aerobic respiration, glucose is oxidized to carbon dioxide through and the ___.

Glycolysis; Krebs Cycle

When carbon is , energy is released

Oxidized

An atom or molecule is when it loses electrons

Oxidized

What is an anaerobic reaction?

a reaction that does not require oxygen

___ is the coupling of ATP synthesis to electron transport through the formation of a proton gradient

Chemiosmosis

___ metabolism requires oxygen

Aerobic

Oxygen has high affinity for

electrons

High affinity

High attraction

Oxygen has a high affinity for electrons relative to

carbon

Matter

Anything that has mass and takes up space

Nitrogen is found in

proteins

primary elements

carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus, calcium

secondary elements

sodium, chlorine, potassium, sulfur, and magnesium

trace elements

required by an organism in only minute quantities

Structure of an atom

nucleus made up of protons and neutrons; the electrons make up the surrounding area (negatively charged)

All elements must have the same number of protons, but the amount of -------- can vary

neutrons

Why do atoms and ions never stay separate?

Chemical bonding

molecule vs compound

molecule = chemical particle composed of two or more atoms united by a chemical bond (O2); compound = molecules composed of two or more elements (H20) in fixed proportions

Reactants and products

substances that exist before a reaction; substances that exist after the reaction

Polar

describes a molecule in which the positive and negative charges are separated

Hydrogen and oxygen have a ___ bond

covalent

Hydrogen bonding is why solid is less dense than

liquid

Oil molecules are hydrophobic because

they have relatively nonpolar bonds

water adhesion/cohesion

adhesion=water adhering to other , cohesion= keeping water together

what happens when heat energy

much of the energy is used to break hydrogen bonds

Hydrocarbons

organic molecules that are composed of only carbon and hydrogen, simplest organic compound

functional groups

A specific combination of bonded atoms that always react in the same way

Alcohol functional group

R-OH

Ether

R-O-R

Aldehydes functional group

carbon atom that forms two bonds to an oxygen atom

Ketone

carboxylic acid and esters

are biologically important functional groups containing two oxygen atoms

carboxylic acid

Ester

amines and amides

functional groups that nitrogen

Amine

can be one two or three carbons

Amide

Thiols and sulfides

sulfur containing functional groups

Thiols

R-SH

Sulfides

Fructose vs Glucose

fructose contains the ketone functional group instead of the aldehyde

Ribose and deoxyribose are important monosaccharides with __ carbon atoms

5

fatty acids

long hydrocarbon chain with a carboxylic acid functional group at the end

When a fatty acid is saturated

carbon atoms in the hydrocarbon chain form single bonds with each other

unsaturated fatty acid

A fatty acid that has one or more double bonds between carbons in the hydrocarbon tail. Such bonding reduces the number of hydrogen atoms attached to the carbon skeleton.

Macromolecules

A very large organic molecule composed of many smaller molecules

Polysaccharides

large macromolecules formed from monosaccharides

Polysaccharides usually perform one of two functions,

energy storage or structural support

Starch

A highly compact polymer used for energy storage

celllulose

linear polymer that is used for structural support in plants and animals

Fats are composed of

glycerol and fatty acids and sometimes an organic phosphate

Fats are much _ than polyssachorides

smaller

Why are triglycerides the preferred storage polymer?

They have non-polar fatty acid chains, so they can pack things tightly

Phospholipids are

a group of fats containing a phosphate group

Protein

An organic compound that is made of one or more chains of amino acids and that is a principal component of all cells, polymer chain of amino acids

peptide bond

The chemical bond that forms between the carboxyl group of one amino acid and the amino group of another amino acid

Polypeptide

A polymer (chain) of many amino acids linked together by peptide bonds.

Two broad types of protein

globular protein and fibrous protein

Fibrous proteins (structural proteins)

Extended and strand-like proteins. Examples: keratin, elastin, collagen, and contractile fibers

globular proteins

proteins that are water soluble, involved in metabolism

Schlieden

All plants are made of cells

Schwann

all animals are made of cells

Plant cells are than animal cells

larger

Autotroph

An organism that makes its own food

Heterotroph

An organism that cannot make its own food.

Electron microscope

excellent 3d vision, uses electron gun

Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM)

A microscope that uses an electron beam to study the internal structure of thinly sectioned specimens.

freeze fracture

splits a membrane along the middle of the phospholipid bilayer. When a freeze-fracture preparation is viewed with an electron microscope, protein particles are interspersed in a smooth matrix, supporting the fluid mosaic model.

cell fractionation

technique in which cells are broken into pieces and the different cell parts are separated

when centrifugation is at a low speed only the _ will be seen in the pellet

nucleus

Supernatant

The liquid on top of material deposited by settling or centrifugation.

cultures prepared directly from the tissues of an organ

primary cultures

the most abundant molecule in the cell membrane

lipid

Lipids

Energy-rich organic compounds, such as fats, oils, and waxes, that are made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. (arent soluble in water)

surface proteins

proteins on the surface of the cell membrane, help identify cells and chemicals

transport proteins

membrane proteins that help move substances across a cell membrane

Endocytosis

process by which a cell takes material into the cell by infolding of the cell membrane

Exocytosis

Process by which a cell releases large amounts of material

two types of endocytosis

phagocytosis and pinocytosis

Phagocytosis

A type of endocytosis in which a cell engulfs large particles or whole cells

Pinocytosis

A type of endocytosis in which the cell ingests extracellular fluid and its dissolved solutes.

Protein on red blood cells

hemoglobin

average red blood cell contains how much hemoglobin?

250 million molecules

isotonic solution

A solution in which the concentration of solutes is essentially equal to that of the cell which resides in the solution

hypertonic solution

A solution in which the concentration of solutes is greater than that of the cell that resides in the solution

Hypotonic

when comparing two solutions, the solution with the lesser concentration of solutes

Plasmolysis

Collapse of a walled cell's cytoplasm due to a lack of water

Selective Percipitation uses

ionic bonding

Get mitosis flashcards

tertiary structure of protein

protein structure is formed when the twists and folds of the secondary structure fold again to from a larger 3D structure

Substrate

reactant of an enzyme-catalyzed reaction

activation energy

Energy needed to get a reaction started

Enzymes are relatively molecules

large

During reaction, enzymes stay

unchanged

Molecules called _ and __ can bind to an enzyme and effect its activity

activators and inhibitors

Activators

increase the activity of enzymes

Inhibitor

A substance that slows down or stops a chemical reaction

the three environmental factors affecting catalase activity

temperature, PH, and salt concentration