body fluids

total body water is roughly

60% body weight in adult mammals

total body water is influenced by

age, body fat content, species

total body water is more on

ideal body weight/estimates as you move through the curriculum

60:40:20

water, ICF, ECF

interstitium is the

space btwn parenchyma and stromal cells

interstitium is aka

extracellular or extravascular space

interstitium exchanges

fluid, nutrients, waste products btwn blood and tissue cells

interstitium contains

structural, adhesive, and absorptive components, aka ECM

adhesive glycoproteins

sites of attachment for structural components, receptors for cells

absorptive disaccharide complexes are

GAGs

protein-disaccharide polymer complexes are

PGs

GAGs and PGs bind

large amounts of water, other soluble molecules

interstitium and ECM act

together to support neighboring parenchymal cells

interstitium and ECM are central

in establishing and maintaining cell homeostasis

interstitium and ECM provide

pathways used by microvasculature, lymphatics, nerves, trafficiking leukocytes to reach/return from parenchymal cells

interstitium and ECM act to

modulate systemic physiologic properties exerted by parenchymal cells

interstitium and ECM serve as

general fluid pool providing systemic cushioning effects for organs and water/ion reservoir capabilities in times of dehydration

ECF major ions

Na, Cl, HCO3, intravascular proteins

ICF major ions

K, Mg, PO4, proteins

diffusion

movement of solute from area of high concentration to lower concentration

osmosis

net movement of water across a semi-permeable membrane from an area of higher water conc to lower water conc

osmosis solute conc movement

lower solute conc to higher solute conc

2 types of solute

permeant and impermeant

permeant solutes can

freely cross membrane

impermeant solutes

cannot freely cross membrane

2 types of osmole

ineffective and effective

ineffective osmole

unable to shift water across membrane

effective osmole

able to shift water across membrane (create osmotic gradient)

permeant solutes are

urea/BUN and ethanol

impermeant solutes are

Na, protein, mannitol

tonicity is aka

effective osmolality

tonicity

effect of a solution on cell volume, determined by concentration of effective osmoles outside cell relative to inside cell

tonicity is the ability of

a solution to initiate water movement

osmole is

1 mole of any fully dissociated substance dissolved in water

osmolality is the

concentration of solutes per unit mass of solvent

osmolarity is the

concentration of solutes per unit volume of solution

osmometry (measured)

based on physiochemical properties that depend on number, not type, of particles in a soln

osmometry is basically

the total conc of all solutes

estimated/calculated osmolality/omsolarity

depends on molar conc of 3 main solutes (na, urea/bun, glucose)

imbalance between intracellular and interstitial compartments leads to

hypotonicity and hypertonicity

hypotonicity

cellular swelling, so water goes into cell

hypertonicity

cellular shrinking, so water goes out of cell

edema

swelling caused by excess fluid buildup

edema can

predispose to infection, impair wound healing, etc

effusion is

cavitary fluid accumulation in thorax, abdomen, or coelom

edema mechanisms that increases

microvascular permeability, intravascular hydrostatic pressure

edema mechanisms that decreases

intravascular colloidal osmotic pressure, lymphatic drainage

edemas can show up as

inflammation, left-sided heart failure, right-sided heart failure, liver failure, lymphatic obstruction

alterations in blood flow and perfusion

increased blood flow, decreased blood flow, decreased tissue perfusion

increased blood flow is

hyperemia, active, bright red/oxygenated blood

decreased blood flow is

congestion, dark red/deoxygenated blood, cooler

decreased tissue perfusion is

ischemia, infarction

ischemia is

inadequate perfusion to meet metabolic needs of the tissue

infarction is

the local area of a peracute ischemia that undergoes coagulative necrosis

alterations in blood volume/fluid

hypervolemia, hypovolemia, dehydration, hemoconcetration

hypervolemia is

intravascular fluid volume excess

hypovolemia is

intravascular fluid volume depletion

dehydration is

total body water loss/depletion

when dehydration is severe it can

progress to hypovolemia

hemoconcentration is

an increase in concentration of blood components due to loss of plasma water

cardiovascular collapse is the

loss of effective circulating BV, reduced cardiac output

hypotension can lead to

impaired tissue perfusion, cellular hypoxia to cell death

concentration of ions is almost

the same as ISF as in plasma

slightly increased concentration of cations in plasma due to

presence of negatively charged proteins (Gibbs-Donnan effect)

input and output of body water occurs thru

the ECF compartment

physical examination for body fluid status check

skin turgor, mucous membranes, cardiovascular

mucous membranes factors

color, moistness, capillary refill time

2 factors of cardiovascular

HR, pulse quality

basic lab findings for body fluid status check

hematocrit/PCV, total solids/protein, urine specific gravity