APhA Immunization (1-74)

what are the two types of immunity?

innate and acquired/adaptive (active or passive)

what does a vaccine do?

it trains the immune system to recognize disease without actually getting sick by containing antigens that are recognized and activate B & T cells

what are examples of passive immunity? (3)

• infusion of immune globulin

• antibodies in breast milk

• antivenom injection (harvest AB from horses bitten by snakes)

how long does it take for a flu shot to take effect?

10-14 days / 2 weeks

• body takes time to identify pathogen, mk antibodies & atk, some become memory cells

what are antigens recognized as?

non-self; hence why immune system responds

name the 7 live vaccines

MMR, MMRV, varicella, rotavirus, live attenuated influenza, oral typhoid capsules, yellow fever

what are key differences between live and inactivated vaccines?

live vaccines have more severe side effects and contraindications

what are adjuvants?

a substance added to vaccines to enhance its effectiveness

why are pure polysaccharide vaccines NOT recommended in children less than 2 years of age?

these vaccines are T-cell independent (meaning they activate B-cells directly without help from T-cells)

• children have immature immune system that don't respond well to these signals

what is the minimum interval between two inactivated vaccines?

no minimum

what is the minimum interval between inactivated and live vaccines?

no minimum

what is the minimum interval between two live vaccines, if not simultaneous

28-day minimum interval

what is the minimum interval between inactivated vaccines and antibodies?

no minimum

what is the minimum interval of live vaccines followed by blood products?

2 weeks

what is the minimum interval of live vaccine followed by PPD (TB) skin test?

28-day minimum interval

Why must you administer vaccine after PPD skin test has been read?

because when you do vaccine before PPD, it leads to false negative

what is the general rule for co-administration of vaccines and two best practices to follow?

• vaccines may be co-administered on the same day, including COVID & influenza

• best practices include using separate syringes and administer in different limbs

what could delaying vaccines increase? (3)

• risk of infection and outbreaks

• number of appointments/health care system burden

• likelihood that the vaccine schedule will not be completed

what does grace period refer to? what about for live vaccines?

refers to the period inside of the stated "minimum interval"

• ACIP counts on time as within 4 days of minimum interval

• no grace period for live vaccines, stick to rules

what happens if the interval between vaccine doses in a series is decreased?

reduce effectiveness because not enough time to develop antibodies for the booster

what happens if the interval between vaccine doses in a series is increased?

you don't get full protection from the disease until you get the second shot, exposing yourself to risk

what is contraindication, name universal contraindication for all vaccines and temporary ones

a condition that greatly increases the risk of an adverse reaction

• universal: severe allergy/anaphylaxis

• temporary (delays vaccination): pregnancy, immunosuppression

what are examples of false contraindications? (6)

• minor illness

• allergies to pdt not in vaccine

• allergies that are not immediate/life threatening

• pregnancy in household

• breastfeeding

• premature birth

what is the vaccine recommendation process (3)?

FDA approval, ACIP recommendation, CDC director approval

how does ACIP recommendations reference vaccine policies important to pharmacists?

provider scope of practice to dispense or administer vaccines

what are the 3 vaccine recommendation categories?

routine, high risk, shared clinical decision-making

what are the two schedules for CDC vaccines?

children/adolescent and adult, with separate tables by age and medical conditions

what is the earliest age that shingles vaccine is recommended for all pt?

50