spch 311 outline 7

1 inch long

how long is the medulla?

cranial nerve 12; hypoglossal

which cranial nerve is housed at the lower boundary of the medulla?

foramen cecum; medulla and pons

the upper boundary of the medulla is the ___ ___, which marks the boundary between the ___ and the ___

80%

what percentage of nerve fibers cross at the level of the medulla?

controls life functions, such as cardiac functions, respiration functions and swallowing functions

what is the function of the medulla?

coughing and vomiting

___ and ___ are reflexes

inch in length and lies anterior to cerebellum; attached to the cerebellum through the cerebellar peduncles

explain the location of the pons

acts as a bridge to relay neural fibers between the cerebrum, cerebellum, and the lower structures (medulla, spinal cord)

what is the function of pons?

respiration, swallowing, hearing, eye movements, facial expression, and general sensation

nuclei in the pons helps with...

cranial nerve nuclei

a number of ___ ___ ___ are in the pons

inferior to diencephalon and superior to pons

explain the location of the midbrain

cerebral peduncles

the anterior (front) part consists of the two ___ ___

crus cerebri; tegmentum

the front of the peduncle is called the ___ __, and the back of the peduncle is called the ___

substantia nigra

between these two (the front and the back), is a layer of dark grey matter called the ___ ___

dopamine

what is produced in the substantia nigra?

tectum

the back of the midbrain is called the ___

auditory center; startle response to loud noises and turning our head and eye to the source of the sound

the tectum, contains the paired inferior and superior colliculi, this is the ___ __ of the midbrain. it is responsible for our...

ophthalmic, maxillary, and the mandibular

what are the 3 branches of the trigeminal nerve?

the pons and then the branches into the 3 branches

where does the trigeminal nerve originate from?

responsible for open and closing movements of the jaw

motor function of trigeminal nerve

responsible for the sensation of face, nose, mouth, scalp, jaw, anterior 2/3 of tongue, and mucous membrane of the mouth; reads proprioception from the muscles of chewing

sensory function of the trigeminal nerve

both motor and sensory

explain the facial nerve

relevant to speech production

motor function of facial nerve

intra and extracranial

- extracranial innervates the facial muscles for speech production

what are the 2 branches of the facial nerve?

responsible for taste on the anterior 2/3 of the tongue

sensory function of facial nerve?

- aka auditory nerve

- has a cochlear branch and a vestibular branch, which is how it is used for both hearing and balance

explain the vestibulocochlear nerve

elevates the pharynx and larynx; important for phonation

what is the motor function of glossopharyngeal nerve?

gag reflex

the glossopharyngeal nerve also mediates __ __

relays sense information from eustachian tube, pharynx, and tongue, back to the brain stem and to the sensory cortex in the brain

what is the sensory function of the glossopharyngeal nerve?

sensory; motor

_____ information provides important feedback for ___ function of the structure

- both sensory and motor

- 3 branches which originate in the medulla

- controls pharyngeal constriction and palatal elevation

explain the vagus nerve

- motor nerve

- has cranial and spinal portion that controls head, neck, shoulders

- spinal portion of the nerve controls the muscles of the neck to control the neck and shoulders; shrugging

explain the spinal accessory nerve

originates from lower portion of the medulla, and controls all the muscles of the tongue

explain the hypoglossal nerve

tongue; swallowing

what is the main muscle of articulation? what is it crucial for?

CN V

trigeminal nerve

VII

facial nerve

VIII

vestibulocochlear nerve

IX

glossopharyngeal nerve

X

vagus nerve

XI

spinal accessory nerve

XII

hypoglossal nerve

larynx; phonator

the ___ is the voice producer, aka the ___

CN 10; vagus

which is the main cranial nerve for voice?

innervate the laryngeal muscles which are responsible for vocal fold vibration

what is the function of the vagus nerve?

5, 6, 7, 9, 10, 11, and 12

which 6 nerves are used with swallowing?

controls the tensor tympani and dilates the eustachian tube to equalized pressure

what does the trigeminal nerve do?

the stapedius muscle, which assists the tensor tympani

cranial nerve 7 innervates ...

????

cranial nerve 8 ????

tegmentum

the ___ is the core of the brain stem, which is continuous at each level of the brain stem

reticular formation, inferior olivary nucleus, and red nucleus

the tegmental areas include:

- the nuclei are groups of specialized cell bodies

- scattered throughout the tegmentum

explain the nuclei of the RF

special senses and project axons throughout the brainstem, the cerebellum, the diencephalon, and the cerebral hemispheres

these nuclei receive axon collaterals from the...

inhibit, facilitate, modify, and regulate all cortical functions

what is the function of the circuitry of the RF?

integrate internal thoughts, emotions, and cognition with sensory and motor stimukli

what does the RF do?

consciousness, sleep wake cycle, cardiovascular functions, and respiration; partially responsible for the homeostatic state of the brain

what is the RF responsible for?

the complex multisynaptic ascending projections of the RF to the brain, thalamus, hypothalamus, and basal ganglia

what forms the reticular activating system?

bulge on the medulla, which receives axons from the cerebral cortex. and sends the processed information to the cerebellum

what is the inferior olivary nucleus?

- a paired structure next to the substantia nigra

- receives projections from the cerebral cortex, and in turn, its axons make up the rubrough spinal tract that descends the brain stem, inputting into the ventral horn of the spinal cord

- modulates the flexor tone of the upper extremities

what is the red nucleus?

babies crawling and the swinging of arms while walking

what is the red nucleus thought to be involved in?

tectum, cerebral peduncles, and ventral pons

what are the 3 non tegmental regions?

- known as the roof of the midbrain

- has 2 little hills; superior and inferior colliculi

what is the tectum?

connected to vision

what is the superior colliculi?

involved with hearing, as it projects axons to the auditory center in the thalamus, which then it projects to the auditoy areas in the cerebral cortex

what is the inferior colliculi?

crus, cerebri

the anterior portion of the cerebral penduncles, known as the __ __, are bulges on the front side of the midbrain

corticospinal and corticobulbar

the lateral ___ and ___ tracts run through the cerebral peduncles

the lateral corticobulbar tract

which tracts plays an important role in speech production?

substantia nigra; speech production

the __ __ also closely connects to the basal ganglia to play a role in ___ ___

- corticopontine fibers originate from the motor cortex and pass through cerevral peduncles and input into the ventral pons nuclei

- projections then move to the cerebellum

explain the ventral pons

movement error correction when learning new motor skills, also in learning new languages

what is the ventral pons thought to play a role in?

within the RF

where is the RAS housed?

cortical arousal and consciousness

the RAS has a controlling influence of __ __ and ___

electroencephalic activity

the level of alertness is correlated with the ___ __ of the brain

the specialized nuclei in brain stem turn on the metabolic repair systems

while the cerebral hemispheres sleeping, ....

the RF clock turns and awakens the body

after the body repair is completed and energy replenished what happens?