9S100 Block 3 - Inorganic Chemistry & Classical Physics

Scientific Method Step 1

Goal or Question

Scientific Method Step 2

Qualitative and Quantitative Date

Scientific Method Step 3

Hypothesis

Scientific Method Step 4

Experiments

Scientific Method Step 5

Results

Scientific Method Step 6

Law - Observable Pattern

Scientific Method Step 7

Theory

SI Unit for Time

Seconds (s)

SI Unit for Length

Meter (m)

SI Unit for Mass

Kilogram (kg)

SI Unit for Electric Current

Ampere (A)

SI Unit for Luminous Intensity

Candela (cd)

SI Unit for Amount of Substance

Mole (mol)

SI Unit for Temperature

Kelvin (K)

^{10^9}

Giga / G / Billion / 1,000,000,000

10^6

Mega / M / Million / 1,000,000

10^3

Kilo / k / Thousand / 1,000

10^2

Hecto / h / Hundred / 100

10^1

Deca / da / Ten / 10

10^0

(none) / (none) / One / 1

10^-1

Deci / d / Tenth / 0.1

10^-2

Centi / c / Hundreth / 0.01

10^-3

Milli / m / Thousandth / 0.001

10^-6

Micro / μ / Millionth / 0.000 001

10^-9

Nano / n / Billionth / 0.000 000 001

Quantitative Measurements

Intensive and Extensive properties

Qualitative Measurements

General characteristics i.e. color, odor, taste,and tendency to undergo chemical change in the presence of other substances.

Intensive Properties

Properties who’s values are independents of the amount of a substance i.e. density, temperature

Extensive Properties

Properties who’s values are directly proportional to the amount of a substance i.e. mass, volume

Newton’s First Law

Law of Inertia - In the absence of an unbalanced applied force, a body at rest remains at rest and a body already in motion remains in motion with a constant velocity.

Newton’s Second Law

F=ma - The acceleration of an object is directly proportional to the net force acting on it and inversely proportional to its mass.

Newton’s Third Law

Action and Reaction - For every force (action) there is an equal and opposite force (reaction)

Kinematics

Description of the motion of objects without consideration of what causes the motion

Scalar Quantity

Physical quantities that only possess a magnitude, or physical size, expressed by a numerical value, do not have directions associated with them i.e. distance, time, mass, temperature.

Distance

Total path length traversed moving from one location to another

Speed

Rate at which distance is traveled. SI derived unit is meter per second (m/s)

Vector Quantity

Physical quantities that have both magnitude and direction i.e. velocity, acceleration, displacement

Displacement

How far an object has traveled and in which direction, from a starting location

Velocity

The rate of change of position. SI derived unit is m/s, but as a vector with a direction

Acceleration

Time rate of change of velocity. Refers to not only increasing of one’s speed, but could also refer to a change in direction. SI derived unit is m/s².

One-dimensional Motion

Described using only a single vector component. i.e. free fall due to gravity can be described with a straight line

Two-dimensional Motion

Describes motion with two vector components. i.e. the curve of throwing a baseball

Force

Something capable of changing an objects state of motion- specifically its velocity.

Net Force

The combined effect of multiple forces acting on an object

Contact Force

Requires physical contact between objects i.e. collisions or friction

Field Force

Does NOT require physical contact for an object to be affected i.e. gravity, electrical forces, and magnetic forces

Weight

Force created when a mass is acted upon by a gravitational field

Friction

Resistance to motion that occurs whenever two media are in contact with each other

Static Friction

Situation where the frictional force is enough to prevent relative motion between surfaces

Kinetic/Sliding Friction

Occurs when there is relative sliding motion between the surfaces

Rolling Friction

Occurs when one surface rotates as it moves over the other surface

Air Resistance

The resistant force of friction that acts on an object as it moves through the air

Work

A transfer of energy, described by Newton-Meters (Nm) or Joules (J)

Energy

Gives an object the capability to do work. Two forms of it: Kinetic and Potential

Work by Constant Force

Equal to the product of the magnitudes of displacement and the component of the force parallel to the displacement (W=F*d)

Work by Variable Force

An example of this work is stretching a spring i.e. someone pushing harder and harder on an object until they overcome the force of static friction, however, the force of static friction does no work because there is no motion or displacement

Kinetic Energy

Energy of motion - K=(1/2)mv²

Potential Energy

Energy of position, or stored energy i.e. a compressed spring or drawn bow. Energy comes from the work done to compress the spring or draw the bow

Conservation of Energy

Energy is a conserved quantity: It can’t be created or destroyed, only transferred

Power

The rate of doing work - Work devided by the time it takes to do the work - p̄=(w/t-t0)

Linear Momentum

A way to quantify mass in motion

Impulse

When two objects collide, they exert large forces on one another for a short period of time. Equal to the change in the body’s momentum

Conservation of Linear Momentum

The momentum of an isolated system is conserved; the total momentum of a system is constant

Collisions

An interaction in which objects exchange energy and momentum

Collision Constraints

Direction, Elasticity, and Masses

Elastic Collision

Objects to do not experience permanent deformation; some kinetic energy may convert in to potential energy during temporary deformation; but that energy will revert back to kinetic as the objects regain their original shapes.

Equal Masses Collision

If two colliding objects have the same mass (m1 & m2), m1 will transfer all momentum to m2, which will move away from m1 at the velocity of m1 prior to the collision.

Greater Moving Mass Collision

Two colliding objects (m1 & m2), if m1 is at least 10 times the mass of m2 then m1 will lose almost no momentum while m2 will move in the same direction as m1 but at twice the velocity.

Lesser Moving Mass Collision

Two colliding objects (m1 & m2), if the stationary object m2 is at least twice the mass of the moving object m1, then m1 will rebound away from m2 in the opposite direction at nearly the same velocity it had before the collision, and m2 will barely move.

Inelastic Collision

Momentum is conserved but the total kinetic energy is not. Kinetic energy will be lost through permanent deformation of the objects or generation of hear, sound, or other forms of non-mechanical energy.

Center of Mass

The point at which all of the mass of an object or system may be considered to be concentrated for the purposed of linear or translational motion only.

Center of Gravity

The point where all of the weight of an object may be considered to be concentrated in representing the object as a particle

Jet Propulsion

Rockets are able to function based on conservation of momentum

Four Fundamental Forces

Strong Interaction, Weak Interaction, Electromagnetic Interaction, and Gravitational Interaction

Strong Interaction

Only occurs between nucleons and their quarks (~10^-15m). Force increases as quarks are pulled further apart.

Strong Interaction’s Mediating Particle

Gluon - A massless particle that carries energy and momentum between nucleons

Weak Interaction

Is responsible for many types of particle decay, including elementary and fundamental particle decay. Relative strength of 10^-9 and range of ~0.001 Femtometers

Weak Interaction’s Mediating Particle

W+, W- and Z particles

Electromagnetic Interaction

Predominant force in the known universe. Quantified by electric charge, electrons, quarks, and nucleons respond to this force. Relative strength of (1/137.04) and it’s range is an inverse-square force.

Gravitational Interaction

Obeys the inverse square law and is related to its mass, it is a cumulative force. The more mass an object has, the more force it can exert. It is the dominant force in a grand scale, but has little, if any influence. It is the weakest of the fundamental interactions.

Gravitational Interaction’s Mediating Particle

The force carrier particle is an as-of-yet unobserved but mathematically predicted particle called the Graviton

Electromagnetic Interaction’s Mediating Particle

Exchange Particle is the Photon

Newton’s Law of Gravitation

Every particle in the universe attracts every other particle with a force that is directly proportional to the product of their masses and inversely proportional to the square of distances between them.

Translational Motion

Object moves across a surface but it does not rotate about its axis

Rotational Motion

Object rotates about its axis only, without moving across a surface

Rolling Motion

Object rotates about its axis and across a surface

Torque

Product of the force and the lever arm

Equilibrium

Sum of forces and torques are zero

Stability

An object’s center of gravity after a small displacement still lies above and inside its original base of support

Moment of Inertia

Found by the summation of the quantities of the masses multiplied by their distances squared

Rotational Work

Calculated from the multiplication of force by the arc length. (Torque multiplied by the angle of rotation)

Rotational Power

Calculated from the division of work by time. (Torque multiplied by angular speed)

Rotational Kinetic Energy

Calculated by the product of one-half multiplied by the moment of inertia multiplied by angular speed squared

Conservation of Angular Momentum

Total angular momentum remains constant - If the radius of a rotating system decreases, the velocity increases.

Precession

An external torque causes a change in angular momentum.

Elasticity

The ability of a substance to recover its shape once deforming forces are removed - is determined by intermolecular forces.

Deformation

When a force is applied to an object, causing it to change shape.

Stress

The measure of the force causing the deformation, quantified by applied force per unit cross-sectional area

Strain

The measure of deformation caused by the stress - Unitless quantity represented as the ratio of the deformation to the original shape

Elastic Moduli

Quantifies the amount of strain on an object for a given amount of stress, represented as the ratio of the stress to strain