Honors Bio Cumulative 2 Review Guide - Cell Structure and Function

Flashcards for Honors Bio Cumulative 2 Review Guide focusing on Cell Structure, Function, and related topics.

Cell membrane

A protective barrier that controls what enters and leaves the cell.

Cytoplasm

The fluid inside the cell where cell parts float and reactions occur.

Ribosomes

Structures that make proteins.

DNA

Genetic material that provides instructions for the cell's activities.

Surface area to volume ratio

Shows how efficiently a cell can exchange materials with its environment.

Cytoplasm

Gel-like cytosol that holds organelles and enables transport.

Nucleus

Stores DNA (chromatin = loose, chromosome = X-shaped).

Mitochondria

Powerhouse of the cell.

Chloroplast

Does photosynthesis using sunlight and water.

Ribosomes

Site of protein synthesis (translation).

Smooth ER

Makes oils (skin/hair).

Rough ER

Has ribosomes, makes and modifies proteins.

Golgi Apparatus

Sorts and finishes proteins from ER.

Lysosome

Breaks down nutrients in food vacuoles (animal cells only).

Cytoskeleton

Protein framework for structure and movement.

Vesicles

Tiny sacs that transport proteins and other materials within the cell.

Cell membrane

Semi-permeable barrier controlling entry and exit of materials; site of protein secretion.

Vacuoles

Storage sacs (large central vacuole in plants stores water and nutrients).

Centrioles

Help with cell division in animal cells.

Cell Membrane

Separates cell from outside environment.

Fluid

Cell membrane is FLEXIBLE, like a water balloon.

Mosaic

Many different components acting towards the same goal.

Peripheral Proteins

Structure + support: anchor phospholipids together + attachment site for cytoskeleton.

Glycolipids

Attached right to the phospholipid.

Glycoproteins

Attached to the outside of the transmembrane protein (attached to a protein).

Extracellular Matrix

A mixture of components that add strength, stability, and protection to the cell membrane.

Concentration

Based on Parts Per Thousand.

Relative Concentration

Ratio of concentration in two separate areas.

Concentration Gradient

Areas of high concentration and areas of low concentration.

Equilibrium

Equal concentration in the two separate areas.

Glycoproteins

Proteins with carbohydrate (sugar) chains attached.

Impermeable

The molecule can NOT pass through the membrane, barrier, etc. due to size, polarity, charge of the molecule.

Permeable

The molecule can pass through the membrane without any additional push of energy, or any assistance.

Dynamic Equilibrium

Keeps particles dancing around even if there is no “net flow”.

Diffusion

Movement of solute/dissolved particles from HIGH to LOW concentration across a semipermeable membrane.

Osmosis

Diffusion of WATER across a semipermeable membrane.

Facilitated Diffusion

ONLY PROTEINS Facilitate = HELP.

Active Transport

Requires input of energy.

Endocytosis

Taking in materials via a pocket that forms in the cell membrane.

Phagocytosis

Cell eating (solid particles).

Pinocytosis

Cell drinking (liquid particles).

Exocytosis

Excretion of larger molecule such as the proteins that determine the function of the cell.

Isotonic

The cell is at equilibrium (no net movement).

Hypertonic

Extracellular concentration of the solute is greater than the intracellular concentration.

Hypotonic

Concentration is greater in the intracellular environment than the extracellular fluid.

Cellular Respiration

Convert energy stored in glucose into ATP.

Cellular Respiration

Breaks it down gradually into smaller, usable energy packets called ATP.

Coenzymes

Pick up high-energy electrons during earlier steps of CR and carry them to the electron transport chain.

Chromosomes

Long strands of DNA wrapped around proteins, containing genes.

Chromatid

One half of a duplicated chromosome (after DNA replication). Two identical chromatids make a sister chromatid pair.

Homologous Chromosomes

A pair of chromosomes (one from each parent) that have the same genes in the same places.

Diploid (2n)

A cell with two sets of chromosomes—one set from each parent.

Haploid (n)

A cell with only one set of chromosomes.

Gametes

Sex cells (sperm and egg) that are haploid.

Zygote

The first diploid cell formed when a sperm and egg fuse during fertilization.

Somatic Cell

Any body cell that is not a gamete.

Pigments

Absorb light energy from the sun and use it to power the reactions of photosynthesis.

Law of Independent Assortment

Genes for different traits are distributed to gametes independently of one another.

Crossing Over

The exchange of DNA between homologous chromosomes during meiosis.

Fertilization

The process where a sperm and egg join to form a zygote.

Nondisjunction

An error during meiosis where chromosomes fail to separate properly.

Sex Chromosomes

Chromosomes that determine biological sex—X and Y in humans.

Autosomes

All chromosomes that are not sex chromosomes.

Cell Cycle

Refers to the period of a cell’s life from its “birth” to its reproduction of offspring.

G1 phase

The cell grows in size during this phase of Interphase.

S phase

DNA is replicated during this phase of Interphase.

G2 phase

The cell keeps growing and prepares for mitosis during this phase of Interphase.

Prophase

Chromatin condenses into visible chromosomes during this phase of Mitosis.

Metaphase

Chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell during this phase of Mitosis.

Anaphase

Spindle fibers pull the sister chromatids apart during this phase of Mitosis.

Telophase

Two new nuclear membranes form around the separated chromosomes during this phase of Mitosis.