Anatomy and Physiology: Tissues, Integument, and Skeletal System Flashcards

This set of 200 flashcards covers primary tissue types (epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous), the integumentary system including skin layers and glands, and the skeletal system including bone classification, anatomy, and growth.

What is a tissue?

A group of similar cells that work together to perform a specific function.

What are the four primary tissue types?

Epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous tissue.

What is the main function of epithelial tissue?

Covering and lining surfaces, protection, absorption, secretion, and filtration.

What is the main function of connective tissue?

Support, protection, storage, and transport.

What is the main function of muscle tissue?

Movement.

What is the main function of nervous tissue?

Communication and control through electrical signals.

What is an exocrine gland?

A gland that secretes through ducts onto a surface.

What is an endocrine gland?

A gland that secretes hormones directly into the bloodstream.

What are the three basic shapes of epithelial cells?

Squamous, cuboidal, and columnar.

What does squamous mean?

Flat and thin cells.

What does cuboidal mean?

Cube-shaped cells.

What does columnar mean?

Tall, rectangular cells.

How are epithelial tissues classified by layers?

Simple has one layer and stratified has multiple layers.

What is a tight junction?

A junction that prevents substances from passing between cells.

What is a desmosome?

A junction that anchors cells together.

What is a gap junction?

A junction that allows communication between cells.

What is simple squamous epithelium?

A single layer of flat cells.

Where is simple squamous epithelium found?

Alveoli of lungs and blood vessels.

What is the function of simple squamous epithelium?

Diffusion and filtration.

What is simple cuboidal epithelium?

A single layer of cube-shaped cells.

Where is simple cuboidal epithelium found?

Kidney tubules and glands.

What is the function of simple cuboidal epithelium?

Secretion and absorption.

What is simple columnar epithelium?

A single layer of tall cells.

Where is simple columnar epithelium found?

Digestive tract.

What is the function of simple columnar epithelium?

Absorption and secretion.

What is pseudostratified columnar epithelium?

A single layer of cells that appears multilayered.

Where is pseudostratified columnar epithelium found?

Respiratory tract.

What is the function of pseudostratified columnar epithelium?

Secretion and movement of mucus.

What is stratified squamous epithelium?

Multiple layers of flat cells.

What is the function of stratified squamous epithelium?

Protection from abrasion.

Where is nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium found?

Mouth, esophagus, and vagina.

Where is keratinized stratified squamous epithelium found?

Epidermis of the skin.

What makes keratinized stratified squamous epithelium unique?

It contains keratin and is water resistant.

What are the three methods of glandular secretion?

Merocrine, apocrine, and holocrine.

What is merocrine secretion?

Release by exocytosis with no cell damage.

What is an example of merocrine secretion?

Eccrine sweat glands.

What is apocrine secretion?

Release of product with part of the cell.

What is an example of apocrine secretion?

Apocrine sweat glands.

What is holocrine secretion?

Entire cell ruptures to release product.

What is an example of holocrine secretion?

Sebaceous glands.

What is areolar connective tissue?

A loose connective tissue with many fibers and cells.

Where is areolar connective tissue found?

Under epithelia and around organs.

What is the function of areolar connective tissue?

Support and cushioning.

What is adipose tissue?

Fat tissue.

What is the function of adipose tissue?

Energy storage, insulation, and protection.

Where is adipose tissue found?

Under the skin and around organs.

What is reticular connective tissue?

A loose connective tissue with reticular fibers.

Where is reticular connective tissue found?

Lymph nodes, spleen, and bone marrow.

What is the function of reticular connective tissue?

Forms a supportive framework.

What is dense regular connective tissue?

Connective tissue with parallel collagen fibers.

Where is dense regular connective tissue found?

Tendons and ligaments.

What is the function of dense regular connective tissue?

Strong attachment.

What is dense irregular connective tissue?

Connective tissue with irregular collagen fibers.

Where is dense irregular connective tissue found?

Dermis of the skin.

What is the function of dense irregular connective tissue?

Strength in many directions.

Why is blood considered connective tissue?

It has cells suspended in a fluid matrix.

What is the function of blood?

Transport.

What is hyaline cartilage?

The most common cartilage with a glassy appearance.

Where is hyaline cartilage found?

Nose, trachea, and joints.

What is the function of hyaline cartilage?

Support and cushioning.

What is elastic cartilage?

Cartilage rich in elastic fibers.

Where is elastic cartilage found?

External ear and epiglottis.

What is the function of elastic cartilage?

Flexible support.

What is fibrocartilage?

The strongest cartilage.

Where is fibrocartilage found?

Intervertebral discs and pubic symphysis.

What is the function of fibrocartilage?

Shock absorption.

What is osseous tissue?

Bone tissue.

What is the function of bone tissue?

Support, protection, and mineral storage.

What are the four tissue membranes?

Mucous, serous, cutaneous, and synovial membranes.

What is a mucous membrane?

A membrane lining body passages open to the exterior.

What is a serous membrane?

A membrane lining closed body cavities.

What is a cutaneous membrane?

The skin.

What is a synovial membrane?

A membrane lining movable joints.

What is skeletal muscle tissue?

Voluntary striated muscle attached to bones.

What is the function of skeletal muscle?

Body movement.

What is cardiac muscle tissue?

Striated involuntary muscle of the heart.

What is the function of cardiac muscle?

Pumps blood.

What is smooth muscle tissue?

Nonstriated involuntary muscle.

Where is smooth muscle found?

Walls of hollow organs.

What is the function of smooth muscle?

Moves substances through organs.

What is nervous tissue composed of?

Neurons and neuroglia.

What is the function of neurons?

Transmit electrical signals.

What is inflammation?

The body’s response to injury.

What are the signs of inflammation?

Redness, heat, swelling, pain, and loss of function.

What is the purpose of inflammation?

Protect and repair tissues.

What are the three layers of the integument?

Epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis.

What is the epidermis?

The outer skin layer.

What is the dermis?

The middle skin layer.

What is the hypodermis?

The deepest layer beneath the skin.

What are the functions of the integumentary system?

Protection, temperature regulation, sensation, vitamin D production, and excretion.

What is thick skin?

Skin with five epidermal layers found on palms and soles.

What is thin skin?

Skin covering most of the body.

What are the five layers of the epidermis from deep to superficial?

Stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum lucidum, and stratum corneum.

Which epidermal layer is deepest?

Stratum basale.

Which epidermal layer is most superficial?

Stratum corneum.

Which epidermal layer contains actively dividing cells?

Stratum basale.

Which epidermal layer is only found in thick skin?

Stratum lucidum.

What is melanin?

A pigment that protects against UV radiation.

What are melanosomes?

Organelles that store melanin.

What is carotene?

A yellow-orange pigment.