The Cell : Cellular Respiration

Metabolism

an emergent property of life that arises from interactions between molecules within the cell

Catabolic pathways

release energy by breaking down complex molecules into simpler compounds.

Cellular respiration

the breakdown of glucose in the presence of oxygen, is an example of a pathway of catabolism

Anabolic Pathways

consume energy to build complex molecules from simpler ones

Synthesis of protien

from amino acids is an example of anabolism

Bioenergetics

the study of how organisms manage their energy resources

Kinetic Energy

energy associated with motion

Energy

the capacity to cause change

Heat (thermal energy)

is kinetic energy associated with random movement of atoms to molecules

Potential Energy

is energy that matter possesses because of its location of structure

Chemical Energy

potential energy available for release in a chemical reaction

Thermodynamics

study of energy transformations

Isolated system

isolated from its surroundings

Open system

energy and matter can be transferred between the system and its surroundings

First Law of Thermodynamics / Principle of conservation of energy

Energy can be transferred and transformed, but it cannot be created nor destroyed

Second Law of Thermodynamics

every energy transfer or transformation increases the entropy (disorder) of the universe

Free Energy Change (Delta G)

A living system’s free energy is energy that can do work when temperature and pressure are uniform as in living cell

Negative delta G (Triangle G)

Initial state to finale state (hint delta G)

Exergonic reaction

proceeds with a net release of free energy and is spontaneous

endergonic reaction

absorbs free energy from its surroundings and is non spontaneous

Endergonic Reaction (will require energy)

What type of reaction is anabolism?

Exergonic Reaction (will release energy)

What type of reaction is catabolism?

closed

Reactions in a (--------) system eventually reach equilibrium and then do no work

Never

metabolism is (----) at equilibrium

catabolic pathway

(-----) in a cell releases free energy in a series of reactions

open systems

Cells are (-------------) experiencing a constant flow of materials

Enzymes

speed up metabolic reactions by lowering energy barriers

Catalyst

a chemical agent that speeds up a reaction without being consumed by the reaction

Enzyme

is a catalytic protein.

Hydrolysis

example of an enzyme catalyzed reaction

TRUE

All enzymes are proteins but not all proteins are enzymes

free energy of activation, or activation energy (EA).

initial energy needed to start a chemical reaction

lowering

Enzymes catalyze reactions by (-------) the EA barrier

Respiration

the process that the body uses to release energy from digested food (glucose)

Respiration

the reverse reaction of photosynthesis

Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)

Energy source for all cells. Considered the “energy currency” of the cell.

Adenosine Diphosphate (ADP)

when ATP is converted into (--------) it releases large amounts of energy

Redox Reactions

transfer of electrons during chemical reactions releases energy stored in organic molecules

Oxidation

a substance loses electrons, or is oxidized

Reduction

a substance gains electrons, or is reduced (the amount of positive charge is reduced)

Reducing Agent

the electron donor

Oxidizing agent

electron receptor

Three

How many stages are there to harvest energy from glucose ?

Glycolysis

Stage in harvesting energy from glucose where the breaking down of glucose into two molecules of pyruvate happens

The citric acid cycle

Stage in harvesting energy from glucose where the completion of breakdown of glucose happens

Oxidative phosphorylation

Stage in harvesting energy from glucose where most of the ATP synthesis (90%) happens

Glycolysis

(“sugar splitting”) breaks down glucose into two molecules of pyruvate

Pyruvate

Glycolysis breaks down glucose into two molecules of (------)

two molecules

Glycolysis breaks down glucose into (----) molecules of pyruvate

Glycolysis

occurs whether or not O2 is present

Energy investment phase & Energy payoff phase

Two major phases of glycolysis

Mitochondrion

where pyruvate enters in the presence of oxygen & where oxidation of glucose is completed

acetyl coenzyme A (Acetyl CoA)

pyruvate is converted to (------) to begin the citric acid cycle

Fermentation and anaerobic respiration

enable cells to produce ATP without the use of oxygen.

anaerobic respiration or fermentation

glycolysis couples with (-------) to produce ATP

Anaerobic respiration

uses an electron transport chain with a final electron acceptor (ex. sulfate)

Fermentation

uses substrate-level phosphorylation instead of an electron transport chain to generate ATP

eight steps

How many steps are there in the citric acid cycle?

NADH and FADH 2

produces by the cycle relay electrons extracted from food to the electron transport chain

oxidative phosphorylation

NADH and FADH 2 then donate electrons to the electron transport chain which powers ATP synthesis via (-----)

yes

Can we catabolize other macromolecules other than glucose?

Proteins

is digested to amino acids; amino groups can fee glycolysis or the citric acid cycle

Fats

are digested to glycerol (used in glycolysis) and fatty acids (used in generating Acetyl CoA)

1 glucose, 2 ADP, 2 ATP, 2 NAD+

what are the reactants of glycolysis?

2 ATP

how many atp will glycolysis produce?

2 NADH

how many NADH will glycolysis produce?

2 pyruvate

how many pyruvate will glycolysis produce?

acetyl COA

pyruvate oxidation in glycolysis is where 2 pyruvate produces 2 what ?

2NADH

pyruvate oxidation in glycolysis is where (-----) is produces

2 pyruvate, 2 coA, & 2NAD+

what are the reactants of pyruvate oxidation?

2 CO2

pyruvate oxidation produces how many CO2?

2 acetyl coA

pyruvate oxidation produces how many acetyl coA?

2 NADH

pyruvate oxidation produces how many NADH?

Krebs Cycle / Citric Acid Cycle

the main purpose of this cycle is to make NADH & FADH

cytoplasm / cytosol

where does glycolysis takes place?

Anaerobic (does not need oxygen)

is glycolysis anaerobic / aerobic?

mitochondria

where does pyruvate oxidation occurs?

aerobic (needs oxygen)

is citric acid cycle aerobic or anaerobic?

2 acetyl coA, 6 NAD+ & 2 FAD+

what are the reactants of citric acid cycle?

6 NADH &. 2 FADH

how many NADH &. FADH does citric acid cycle produce?

4 CO2 & 2 ATP

how many CO2 & ATP does citric acid cycle produce?

aerobic (needs oxygen)

is oxidative phosphorylation aerobic or anaerobic?

inner mitochondria

where does oxidative phosphorylation occurs?

1 O2 , 10 NADH, 2 FADH

what are the reactants of oxidative phosphorylation

38 ATP

oxidative phosphorylation produces how many ATP ? (maximum)

26 - 34 ATP produced

oxidative phosphorylation produces how many ATP ?

Water

other than ATP what does oxidative phosphorylation also produce?

oxidative phosphorylation

Electrons are transferred from the NADH and FADH to protein complexes and electron carriers

oxidative phosphorylation

Electrons are used to generate a proton gradient as protons are pumped across to the intermembrane space

ATP synthase

Protons can travel through an enzyme called