Studied by 4 people
Metabolism
an emergent property of life that arises from interactions between molecules within the cell
Catabolic pathways
release energy by breaking down complex molecules into simpler compounds.
Cellular respiration
the breakdown of glucose in the presence of oxygen, is an example of a pathway of catabolism
Anabolic Pathways
consume energy to build complex molecules from simpler ones
Synthesis of protien
from amino acids is an example of anabolism
Bioenergetics
the study of how organisms manage their energy resources
Kinetic Energy
energy associated with motion
Energy
the capacity to cause change
Heat (thermal energy)
is kinetic energy associated with random movement of atoms to molecules
Potential Energy
is energy that matter possesses because of its location of structure
Chemical Energy
potential energy available for release in a chemical reaction
Thermodynamics
study of energy transformations
Isolated system
isolated from its surroundings
Open system
energy and matter can be transferred between the system and its surroundings
First Law of Thermodynamics / Principle of conservation of energy
Energy can be transferred and transformed, but it cannot be created nor destroyed
Second Law of Thermodynamics
every energy transfer or transformation increases the entropy (disorder) of the universe
Free Energy Change (Delta G)
A living system’s free energy is energy that can do work when temperature and pressure are uniform as in living cell
Negative delta G (Triangle G)
Initial state to finale state (hint delta G)
Exergonic reaction
proceeds with a net release of free energy and is spontaneous
endergonic reaction
absorbs free energy from its surroundings and is non spontaneous
Endergonic Reaction (will require energy)
What type of reaction is anabolism?
Exergonic Reaction (will release energy)
What type of reaction is catabolism?
closed
Reactions in a (--------) system eventually reach equilibrium and then do no work
Never
metabolism is (----) at equilibrium
catabolic pathway
(-----) in a cell releases free energy in a series of reactions
open systems
Cells are (-------------) experiencing a constant flow of materials
Enzymes
speed up metabolic reactions by lowering energy barriers
Catalyst
a chemical agent that speeds up a reaction without being consumed by the reaction
Enzyme
is a catalytic protein.
Hydrolysis
example of an enzyme catalyzed reaction
TRUE
All enzymes are proteins but not all proteins are enzymes
free energy of activation, or activation energy (EA).
initial energy needed to start a chemical reaction
lowering
Enzymes catalyze reactions by (-------) the EA barrier
Respiration
the process that the body uses to release energy from digested food (glucose)
Respiration
the reverse reaction of photosynthesis
Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)
Energy source for all cells. Considered the “energy currency” of the cell.
Adenosine Diphosphate (ADP)
when ATP is converted into (--------) it releases large amounts of energy
Redox Reactions
transfer of electrons during chemical reactions releases energy stored in organic molecules
Oxidation
a substance loses electrons, or is oxidized
Reduction
a substance gains electrons, or is reduced (the amount of positive charge is reduced)
Reducing Agent
the electron donor
Oxidizing agent
electron receptor
Three
How many stages are there to harvest energy from glucose ?
Glycolysis
Stage in harvesting energy from glucose where the breaking down of glucose into two molecules of pyruvate happens
The citric acid cycle
Stage in harvesting energy from glucose where the completion of breakdown of glucose happens
Oxidative phosphorylation
Stage in harvesting energy from glucose where most of the ATP synthesis (90%) happens
Glycolysis
(“sugar splitting”) breaks down glucose into two molecules of pyruvate
Pyruvate
Glycolysis breaks down glucose into two molecules of (------)
two molecules
Glycolysis breaks down glucose into (----) molecules of pyruvate
Glycolysis
occurs whether or not O2 is present
Energy investment phase & Energy payoff phase
Two major phases of glycolysis
Mitochondrion
where pyruvate enters in the presence of oxygen & where oxidation of glucose is completed
acetyl coenzyme A (Acetyl CoA)
pyruvate is converted to (------) to begin the citric acid cycle
Fermentation and anaerobic respiration
enable cells to produce ATP without the use of oxygen.
anaerobic respiration or fermentation
glycolysis couples with (-------) to produce ATP
Anaerobic respiration
uses an electron transport chain with a final electron acceptor (ex. sulfate)
Fermentation
uses substrate-level phosphorylation instead of an electron transport chain to generate ATP
eight steps
How many steps are there in the citric acid cycle?
NADH and FADH 2
produces by the cycle relay electrons extracted from food to the electron transport chain
oxidative phosphorylation
NADH and FADH 2 then donate electrons to the electron transport chain which powers ATP synthesis via (-----)
yes
Can we catabolize other macromolecules other than glucose?
Proteins
is digested to amino acids; amino groups can fee glycolysis or the citric acid cycle
Fats
are digested to glycerol (used in glycolysis) and fatty acids (used in generating Acetyl CoA)
1 glucose, 2 ADP, 2 ATP, 2 NAD+
what are the reactants of glycolysis?
2 ATP
how many atp will glycolysis produce?
2 NADH
how many NADH will glycolysis produce?
2 pyruvate
how many pyruvate will glycolysis produce?
acetyl COA
pyruvate oxidation in glycolysis is where 2 pyruvate produces 2 what ?
2NADH
pyruvate oxidation in glycolysis is where (-----) is produces
2 pyruvate, 2 coA, & 2NAD+
what are the reactants of pyruvate oxidation?
2 CO2
pyruvate oxidation produces how many CO2?
2 acetyl coA
pyruvate oxidation produces how many acetyl coA?
2 NADH
pyruvate oxidation produces how many NADH?
Krebs Cycle / Citric Acid Cycle
the main purpose of this cycle is to make NADH & FADH
cytoplasm / cytosol
where does glycolysis takes place?
Anaerobic (does not need oxygen)
is glycolysis anaerobic / aerobic?
mitochondria
where does pyruvate oxidation occurs?
aerobic (needs oxygen)
is citric acid cycle aerobic or anaerobic?
2 acetyl coA, 6 NAD+ & 2 FAD+
what are the reactants of citric acid cycle?
6 NADH &. 2 FADH
how many NADH &. FADH does citric acid cycle produce?
4 CO2 & 2 ATP
how many CO2 & ATP does citric acid cycle produce?
aerobic (needs oxygen)
is oxidative phosphorylation aerobic or anaerobic?
inner mitochondria
where does oxidative phosphorylation occurs?
1 O2 , 10 NADH, 2 FADH
what are the reactants of oxidative phosphorylation
38 ATP
oxidative phosphorylation produces how many ATP ? (maximum)
26 - 34 ATP produced
oxidative phosphorylation produces how many ATP ?
Water
other than ATP what does oxidative phosphorylation also produce?
oxidative phosphorylation
Electrons are transferred from the NADH and FADH to protein complexes and electron carriers
oxidative phosphorylation
Electrons are used to generate a proton gradient as protons are pumped across to the intermembrane space
ATP synthase
Protons can travel through an enzyme called
