ATI Study set 5

Q: What is the mechanism of action of Digoxin?

A: Increases force of myocardial contraction and decreases heart rate.

Q: What are therapeutic uses of Digoxin?

A: Heart failure and atrial fibrillation.

Q: What are signs of Digoxin toxicity?

A: Nausea, vomiting, fatigue, vision changes (yellow halos).

Q: What is the normal therapeutic range for Digoxin?

A: 0.5–0.8 ng/mL.

Q: What should be checked before giving Digoxin?

A: Apical pulse for one full minute; hold if less than 60 bpm.

Q: What electrolyte imbalance increases Digoxin toxicity risk?

A: Hypokalemia.

Q: What is the antidote for Digoxin toxicity?

A: Digoxin immune Fab.

Q: What are adrenergic agonists used for?

A: Cardiac arrest, shock, and heart failure.

Q: What are examples of adrenergic agonists?

A: Epinephrine, Dopamine, Dobutamine.

Q: What is the mechanism of Epinephrine?

A: Increases heart rate and cardiac output.

Q: What is Dopamine used for?

A: Shock and heart failure; increases renal perfusion at low doses.

Q: What are complications of adrenergic agonists?

A: Hypertension, chest pain, dysrhythmias.

Q: What is Nitroglycerin used for?

A: Acute angina attacks.

Q: How should sublingual Nitroglycerin be used?

A: At first sign of chest pain; repeat every 5 minutes up to 3 doses.

Q: What are common side effects of Nitroglycerin?

A: Headache, orthostatic hypotension, reflex tachycardia.

Q: How should Nitroglycerin ointment be applied?

A: To hairless skin, rotate sites, and remove old dose before applying new one.

Q: What is the use of Class I antiarrhythmic drugs like Procainamide?

A: Treat supraventricular tachycardia and atrial fibrillation.

Q: What is Lidocaine used for?

A: Short-term treatment of ventricular dysrhythmias.

Q: What are complications of Lidocaine?

A: Drowsiness, seizures, respiratory arrest.

Q: What are Class II antiarrhythmics?

A: Beta-blockers such as Propranolol.

Q: What are complications of beta-blockers in cardiac use?

A: Bradycardia, hypotension, bronchospasm.

Q: What is Amiodarone used for?

A: Atrial fibrillation, ventricular fibrillation, and ventricular tachycardia.

Q: What are complications of Amiodarone?

A: Pulmonary toxicity, liver and thyroid dysfunction, bradycardia.

Q: What are Class IV antiarrhythmics?

A: Calcium channel blockers such as Verapamil and Diltiazem.

Q: What are statins used for?

A: Lower LDL cholesterol and prevent MI.

Q: What are examples of statins?

A: Atorvastatin and Simvastatin.

Q: What are complications of statins?

A: Muscle pain, hepatotoxicity, rhabdomyolysis.

Q: When should statins be taken?

A: In the evening with food.

Q: What is Ezetimibe used for?

A: Inhibits cholesterol absorption from food and bile.

Q: What are complications of Ezetimibe?

A: Hepatitis and myopathy.

Q: What is Colesevelam used for?

A: Decreases LDL cholesterol.

Q: What are complications of Colesevelam?

A: Constipation and interference with fat-soluble vitamin absorption.

Q: What is Niacin used for?

A: Lowers LDL and triglycerides, increases HDL.

Q: What are complications of Niacin?

A: Facial flushing, hyperglycemia, hepatotoxicity.

Q: What is Gemfibrozil used for?

A: Decreases triglycerides and increases HDL.

Q: What are complications of Gemfibrozil?

A: Gallstones and hepatotoxicity.

Q: What is Heparin used for?

A: Prevention and treatment of DVT, PE, and stroke.

Q: What should be monitored with Heparin therapy?

A: aPTT (1.5–2 times control, 60–80 seconds).

Q: What is the antidote for Heparin?

A: Protamine sulfate.

Q: What is Enoxaparin used for?

A: Prevention and treatment of DVT and PE.

Q: What should be monitored during Enoxaparin therapy?

A: Platelet count (hold if <100,000).

Q: What is Warfarin used for?

A: Long-term anticoagulation for DVT, A-fib, and PE.

Q: What lab values monitor Warfarin?

A: PT (18–24 sec) and INR (2–3).

Q: What is the antidote for Warfarin?

A: Vitamin K.

Q: What are direct thrombin inhibitors?

A: Argatroban and Dabigatran.

Q: What are factor Xa inhibitors?

A: Rivaroxaban and Apixaban.

Q: What are antiplatelet drugs used for?

A: Prevent MI and stroke.

Q: What are examples of antiplatelets?

A: Aspirin and Clopidogrel.

Q: What are complications of antiplatelets?

A: Bleeding and GI upset.

Q: What are thrombolytic drugs used for?

A: Dissolve clots in MI, stroke, and PE.

Q: What are examples of thrombolytics?

A: Alteplase (tPA) and Reteplase.

Q: What is the major complication of thrombolytics?

A: Bleeding.

Q: How soon should thrombolytics be given after stroke symptoms?

A: Within 3 hours of onset.