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Nursing
Art and science of promoting, restoring, and maintaining health of clients. Founded on knowledge base supported by evidence-based theory. Focuses on client’s response to illness. Assists clients to higher level of wellness
Nutrire
Latin word for "to nourish;"
Hippocrates
“Father of Medicine”; Holistic approach to patient care
Monastic and Military influences
War between church and state hindered progress in nursing
Hospitals
Place to contract disease rather than be cured. Poor hygienic practices, unchecked infection, dirty physical conditions, and overcrowding
Florence Nightingale (1820-1910)
Known as “Lady of the Lamp”. Credited as the first nursing theorist. Helped to shift the views of nursing education. Established nursing school at Saint Thomas Hospital in London. Promoted new standards of nursing
Florence Nightingale impact on nursing care
Provided care with sanitary conditions benefitting wounded soldiers such as hospital units were cleaned & clothes were washed. mortality rate dropped significantly, improved image of nursing in general
Pioneer nursing schools in the Us
Pastor Theodore Fliedner and the deaconesses; Pittsburgh infirmary
World War I led to:
Army and Navy Nurse Corps created because supply could not meet demand
World War II Increased demand for nurses so:
Cadet Nurse Corps established
First states to have licensure
North Carolina, New Jersey, Virginia and New York
Nursing organizations amended their purpose and focus
National League for Nursing (NLN) - 1903 and American Nurses Association (ANA) - 1911
Accreditation:
Voluntary review to evaluate compliance with organization standards and standards are usually far higher than required by the state which is Important if program seeks federal funding
Articulation :
Allows nursing programs to work together to plan their curricula to decrease duplication of learning experiences (LPN/LVN to RN and RN to BSN)
Jurisdictions
Each state has the legal power to regulate nursing licensure and practice through the state board of nursing
Contemporary Nursing:
Characteristics of health care changed, Emphasis on growth and diversity, Beginning o contemporary nursing
NFLPN
National Federation of Licensed Practical Nurses
NLN
National League for Nursing
Licensing laws
Protects the public from unqualified practitioners
Licensure
Granting of permission to engage in practice that would otherwise be illegal
National Council Licensure Examination for Practical Nurses (NCLEX-PN)
Examination successfully completed awards licensure for the state
HEALTH CARE SYSTEMS:
Complete network of agencies, facilities and providers involved in the health care of a specified geographic area
WELLNESS:
A dynamic state of health in which an individual progresses toward a higher level of functioning, achieving an optimal balance between internal & external environment
WELLNESS-ILLNESS CONTINUUM:
Range of a person’s total health, Each individual’s position is ever-changing, wellness versus illness, factors affecting level of wellness such as age, gender, family relationships, emotional stressors, ethnic & cultural influences and economic status and Role of holistic health care - Total aspects of a person is considered in providing care (based from works of Hippocrates
Illness
Represents diminished functions or an impaired state of health
Acute Illness
Develops suddenly and resolves in short time (EX: Intestinal flu)
Chronic Illness:
Develops slowly over long period of time lasts throughout a lifetime (EX: Diabetes)
Terminal Illness
An active and malignant disease that cannot be cured or adequately treated
BALANCE = EQUILIBRIUM
Interrelated factors Age, Sex (male or female?), Family relationships and Cultural influences; Ethnicity, and Economic status (rich or poor?)
HOLISTIC HEALTH CARE
System of comprehensive or total patient care that considers Physical, Emotional, Spiritual, Economic and Social aspects; Hippocrates became the basis for holistic patient care where the total aspects of a person is considered when providing care
Maslow’s model
Basic needs must be met before the next level of needs can be met
Primary prevention –
Wellness activities & screening programs (mammograms, colonoscopy, glucose screening)
Secondary prevention –
Promote health
Tertiary prevention –
Management of activities with serious health problems
Nursing care plan
The document that outlines the individual needs of a patient and the approach of the health care team to meet those needs. Based on Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs pyramid; updated as the patient’s condition warrants
Patient Care
Involves determining patient’s individual needs; Developing a plan of care that is updated as patient’s condition warrants and Meeting the needs of the patient
Preventative medicine
patient care emphasis on wellness, rather than illness, begins as a result of increased education concerning causes of illness
Patient’s Bill of rights :
Right to refuse treatment and be informed of the medical consequences issued by American Hospital Association
Patient Care Partnership
AHA revised patient’s bill of rights in 2003 that outlines patient’s fundamental rights to high quality hospital care, clean and safe environment, involvement in their care and decision making, protection of privacy
Resident’s Bill of Rights
Rights of residents who reside in long term care environment
NURSING CARE MODELS includes the four major concepts:
Nursing—encompasses the roles and actions of the nurse, Patient—the individual receiving the care, Health—the area along the wellness-illness continuum that the patient occupies and Environment—the setting for the nurse-patient interaction
Role of the LPN/LVN has expanded over time Influenced by:
Nurse practice act depending on the state, Changes within health care agencies, Availability of workers and Needs of the patients
LPN/LVN
Provides direct services under supervision of a registered nurse (RN), educated to provide safe, responsible, and effective care, Performs basic therapeutic, rehabilitative, and preventive care and Provides care in all types of settings
NAPNES issues statement of responsibilities for practice as an LPN/LVN includes:
Collaborate with the registered nurse or other members of the health care team to organize and incorporate assessment data to plan/revise patient care and actions based on established nursing diagnoses, nursing protocols, and assessment and evaluation data; Demonstrate a caring and empathic approach to safe, therapeutic, and individualized care of each patient and Implement patient care under the direct supervision of registered nurse, licensed physician, or dentist