Unit 8B terms

American Indian Movement (AIM)

A Native American advocacy group founded in 1968 to address issues of sovereignty, treaty rights, and police harassment.

Cesar Chavez & United Farm Workers

Chavez co-founded the UFW to advocate for the rights of migrant farm workers, emphasizing nonviolent protest and labor organization.

National Organization of Women (NOW)

A feminist group founded in 1966 to advocate for women's rights, including equal pay and reproductive rights.

Equal Rights Amendment (ERA)

A proposed constitutional amendment to guarantee equal legal rights for all Americans regardless of sex; passed by Congress in 1972 but not ratified.

Miranda v. Arizona (1966)

Supreme Court decision requiring that suspects be informed of their rights before being interrogated

Engel v. Vitale (1962)

Supreme Court case that ruled prayer in public schools violates the First Amendment.

Roe v. Wade (1973)

Landmark Supreme Court case that legalized abortion nationwide, citing a woman's right to privacy.

Medicare & Medicaid (1965)

Federal programs created under LBJ’s Great Society;

Head Start

A federal program that promotes school readiness for young children from low-income families through education, health, and nutrition services.

Immigration Reform Act of 1965

Abolished the national origins quota system, opening up U.S. immigration to non-European countries.

Gulf of Tonkin Resolution (1964)

Gave President Johnson broad military powers in Vietnam without a formal declaration of war.

Vietnamization

Nixon’s strategy to withdraw U.S. troops from Vietnam and transfer combat responsibility to South Vietnamese forces.

War Powers Act (1973)

Law limiting the president’s ability to send troops into combat without congressional approval.

Nixon Doctrine

U.S. would support allies with aid and arms but not direct military involvement.

SALT I (1972)

Strategic Arms Limitation Talks between the U.S. and USSR to limit nuclear weapons.

SALT II (1979)

Follow-up treaty to SALT I aimed to further limit strategic nuclear weapons; never ratified.

Tet Offensive (1968)

A massive surprise attack by North Vietnamese forces during the Vietnam War; shifted U.S. public opinion against the war.

Stonewall Riot (1969)

LGBTQ+ uprising in NYC that sparked the modern gay rights movement.

Three Mile Island (1979)

A nuclear power plant accident in Pennsylvania that raised fears about nuclear safety.

Iranian Hostage Crisis (1979–1981)

52 Americans held hostage in Iran for 444 days after the U.S. embassy in Tehran was seized.

Watergate (1972–1974)

Political scandal involving a break-in at the Democratic National Committee HQ, leading to Nixon’s resignation.

Moscow Olympics (1980)

The U.S. boycotted the games in protest of the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan.

Camp David Accords (1978)

Peace agreement between Egypt and Israel brokered by President Carter.

Betty Friedan's The Feminine Mystique (1963)

Book that challenged traditional gender roles and sparked the second-wave feminist movement.

Phyllis Schlafly

Conservative activist who opposed the ERA, arguing it would dismantle traditional family values.

Silent Majority

Nixon’s term for Americans who did not publicly protest but supported his policies, especially during the Vietnam War.

Great Society

President Lyndon B. Johnson’s domestic agenda to eliminate poverty and racial injustice through programs like Medicare and civil rights legislation.

Warren Court

The Supreme Court under Chief Justice Earl Warren, known for expanding civil rights and liberties.

Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)

Created in 1970 to enforce environmental regulations and protect natural resources.

OPEC (Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries)

Oil cartel that caused energy crises in the 1970s by limiting oil exports.

Silent Spring (1962)

Book by Rachel Carson that exposed the dangers of pesticides and launched the modern environmental movement.