The War of 1812 and Its Aftermath, Jackson's Administration and Key Events

Chesapeake-Leopard Affair

Naval conflict escalating tensions before the war.

Embargo Act (1807)

Prohibited American ships from trading internationally.

Non-Intercourse Act (1809)

Replaced Embargo Act, allowing trade except with Britain and France.

War Hawks

Congressional leaders advocating for war around 1810.

Tecumseh

Shawnee leader opposing American expansion in the Northwest.

William Henry Harrison

American general defeating Native Americans at Tippecanoe.

Tippecanoe (1811)

Battle between American forces and Native Americans.

Creek War (1813-1814)

Conflict between American settlers and Creek Nation.

Red Sticks

Faction of Creek Indians opposing American expansion.

Fort Mims Massacre (1813)

Attack by Red Sticks on American settlers.

Andrew Jackson

General victorious at Horseshoe Bend in Creek War.

American Offensive (1812-1813)

Series of military actions against British forces.

Battle of Lake Erie

Naval battle ensuring American control of the lake.

British Offensive (1814-1815)

British campaigns targeting American cities and territories.

Canadian Campaign

Failed American attempts to invade Canada.

Chesapeake Bay Campaign

British attacks on American coastal cities.

Fort McHenry

Defended Baltimore during British bombardment.

Battle of New Orleans

Final major battle of the War of 1812.

Edward Pakenham

British general leading forces at New Orleans.

Results of New Orleans Battle

British suffered 2000 casualties; Americans lost 21.

Significance of New Orleans

Boosted American morale and Andrew Jackson's fame.

Treaty of Ghent (1814)

Ended the War of 1812, restoring pre-war boundaries.

Status quo antebellum

Return to conditions before the war.

Hartford Convention

Meeting of Federalists opposing the war's impact.

Rush-Bagot Treaty (1817)

Limited naval armaments on the Great Lakes.

Treaty of 1818

Settled border disputes between the U.S. and Britain.

Rush-Bagot Treaty

1817 agreement limiting naval armaments on Great Lakes.

Adams-Onis Treaty

1819 treaty ceding Florida to the U.S. from Spain.

Era of Good Feelings

Period of national unity post-War of 1812.

Industrial Revolution

Transition to mechanized production in the 18th century.

Cottage Industry

Home-based production system prior to industrialization.

Oliver Evans

Inventor of the automated flour mill.

Eli Whitney

Inventor known for the cotton gin and interchangeable parts.

Cotton Gin

Machine that efficiently separates cotton fibers from seeds.

Population Growth (1800-1820)

Alabama's population increased from 1,000 to 128,000.

Panic of 1819

First major economic depression in U.S. history.

Missouri Controversy

Debate over Missouri's admission as a slave state.

Tallmadge Amendment

Proposed limiting slavery in Missouri after statehood.

Missouri Compromise

1820 agreement balancing slave and free states.

Henry Clay

Key figure in the Missouri Compromise negotiations.

Monroe Doctrine

1823 policy opposing European colonialism in the Americas.

Election of 1824

Contested election leading to Adams' presidency.

Virginia Dynasty

Political dominance of Virginia-born presidents.

King Caucus

System where party leaders selected presidential candidates.

Second American Party System

Emergence of organized political parties post-1824.

Election of 1828

Jackson's victory marked rise of populism in politics.

Jackson's Administration

The period of U.S. history during Andrew Jackson's presidency.

Spoils System

The practice of a successful political party giving public office to its supporters.

Indian Removal

The policy of relocating Native American tribes from their ancestral homelands to designated territories.

Nullification Crisis

A sectional crisis during 1832-33 in which South Carolina attempted to nullify federal tariffs.

Bank War

The political struggle between President Jackson and supporters of the Second Bank of the United States.

Five Civilized Tribes

The five Native American nations that adopted various cultural and political practices of European Americans.

Cherokee

One of the Five Civilized Tribes, known for their efforts to adopt European-style governance.

Choctaw

One of the Five Civilized Tribes, located in the southeastern United States.

Chickasaw

One of the Five Civilized Tribes, originally from the southeastern United States.

Creek

One of the Five Civilized Tribes, known for their complex social structure.

Seminole

One of the Five Civilized Tribes, primarily located in Florida.

Attempts to 'civilize' themselves

Efforts by Native American tribes to adopt farming and ranching lifestyles.

Worcester v. Georgia

An 1832 Supreme Court case that ruled that states could not impose regulations on Native American land.

Trail of Tears

The forced relocation of Native American nations from their homelands, resulting in the deaths of thousands.

Tariff of Abominations

The 1828 tariff that raised duties on imports and was opposed by Southern states.

South Carolina Exposition and Protest

A document written by John C. Calhoun arguing against the Tariff of Abominations.

Tariff of 1832

A tariff that aimed to reduce the rates of the Tariff of Abominations but was still opposed by South Carolina.

Nullification

The idea that states can invalidate federal laws deemed unconstitutional.

Force Bill

A law passed in 1833 that authorized the use of military force to enforce federal tariffs.

Compromise Tariff

A tariff enacted in 1833 to resolve the Nullification Crisis by gradually reducing tariffs.

Second B.U.S.

The Second Bank of the United States, which was a central bank chartered in 1816.

Nicholas Biddle

The president of the Second Bank of the United States who opposed Jackson's policies.

Clay's plan

A strategy proposed by Henry Clay to recharter the Second Bank of the United States.

Jackson's Veto

Andrew Jackson's rejection of the recharter of the Second Bank, citing it as unconstitutional.

Panic of 1837

A financial crisis that led to a severe economic depression in the United States.

Maysville Road Bill

A proposed internal improvement project that Jackson vetoed, reflecting his opposition to federal funding for state projects.

Development of Second Political Party System

The emergence of the Democratic and Whig parties in the United States during the Jacksonian era.