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Chesapeake-Leopard Affair
Naval conflict escalating tensions before the war.
Embargo Act (1807)
Prohibited American ships from trading internationally.
Non-Intercourse Act (1809)
Replaced Embargo Act, allowing trade except with Britain and France.
War Hawks
Congressional leaders advocating for war around 1810.
Tecumseh
Shawnee leader opposing American expansion in the Northwest.
William Henry Harrison
American general defeating Native Americans at Tippecanoe.
Tippecanoe (1811)
Battle between American forces and Native Americans.
Creek War (1813-1814)
Conflict between American settlers and Creek Nation.
Red Sticks
Faction of Creek Indians opposing American expansion.
Fort Mims Massacre (1813)
Attack by Red Sticks on American settlers.
Andrew Jackson
General victorious at Horseshoe Bend in Creek War.
American Offensive (1812-1813)
Series of military actions against British forces.
Battle of Lake Erie
Naval battle ensuring American control of the lake.
British Offensive (1814-1815)
British campaigns targeting American cities and territories.
Canadian Campaign
Failed American attempts to invade Canada.
Chesapeake Bay Campaign
British attacks on American coastal cities.
Fort McHenry
Defended Baltimore during British bombardment.
Battle of New Orleans
Final major battle of the War of 1812.
Edward Pakenham
British general leading forces at New Orleans.
Results of New Orleans Battle
British suffered 2000 casualties; Americans lost 21.
Significance of New Orleans
Boosted American morale and Andrew Jackson's fame.
Treaty of Ghent (1814)
Ended the War of 1812, restoring pre-war boundaries.
Status quo antebellum
Return to conditions before the war.
Hartford Convention
Meeting of Federalists opposing the war's impact.
Rush-Bagot Treaty (1817)
Limited naval armaments on the Great Lakes.
Treaty of 1818
Settled border disputes between the U.S. and Britain.
Rush-Bagot Treaty
1817 agreement limiting naval armaments on Great Lakes.
Adams-Onis Treaty
1819 treaty ceding Florida to the U.S. from Spain.
Era of Good Feelings
Period of national unity post-War of 1812.
Industrial Revolution
Transition to mechanized production in the 18th century.
Cottage Industry
Home-based production system prior to industrialization.
Oliver Evans
Inventor of the automated flour mill.
Eli Whitney
Inventor known for the cotton gin and interchangeable parts.
Cotton Gin
Machine that efficiently separates cotton fibers from seeds.
Population Growth (1800-1820)
Alabama's population increased from 1,000 to 128,000.
Panic of 1819
First major economic depression in U.S. history.
Missouri Controversy
Debate over Missouri's admission as a slave state.
Tallmadge Amendment
Proposed limiting slavery in Missouri after statehood.
Missouri Compromise
1820 agreement balancing slave and free states.
Henry Clay
Key figure in the Missouri Compromise negotiations.
Monroe Doctrine
1823 policy opposing European colonialism in the Americas.
Election of 1824
Contested election leading to Adams' presidency.
Virginia Dynasty
Political dominance of Virginia-born presidents.
King Caucus
System where party leaders selected presidential candidates.
Second American Party System
Emergence of organized political parties post-1824.
Election of 1828
Jackson's victory marked rise of populism in politics.
Jackson's Administration
The period of U.S. history during Andrew Jackson's presidency.
Spoils System
The practice of a successful political party giving public office to its supporters.
Indian Removal
The policy of relocating Native American tribes from their ancestral homelands to designated territories.
Nullification Crisis
A sectional crisis during 1832-33 in which South Carolina attempted to nullify federal tariffs.
Bank War
The political struggle between President Jackson and supporters of the Second Bank of the United States.
Five Civilized Tribes
The five Native American nations that adopted various cultural and political practices of European Americans.
Cherokee
One of the Five Civilized Tribes, known for their efforts to adopt European-style governance.
Choctaw
One of the Five Civilized Tribes, located in the southeastern United States.
Chickasaw
One of the Five Civilized Tribes, originally from the southeastern United States.
Creek
One of the Five Civilized Tribes, known for their complex social structure.
Seminole
One of the Five Civilized Tribes, primarily located in Florida.
Attempts to 'civilize' themselves
Efforts by Native American tribes to adopt farming and ranching lifestyles.
Worcester v. Georgia
An 1832 Supreme Court case that ruled that states could not impose regulations on Native American land.
Trail of Tears
The forced relocation of Native American nations from their homelands, resulting in the deaths of thousands.
Tariff of Abominations
The 1828 tariff that raised duties on imports and was opposed by Southern states.
South Carolina Exposition and Protest
A document written by John C. Calhoun arguing against the Tariff of Abominations.
Tariff of 1832
A tariff that aimed to reduce the rates of the Tariff of Abominations but was still opposed by South Carolina.
Nullification
The idea that states can invalidate federal laws deemed unconstitutional.
Force Bill
A law passed in 1833 that authorized the use of military force to enforce federal tariffs.
Compromise Tariff
A tariff enacted in 1833 to resolve the Nullification Crisis by gradually reducing tariffs.
Second B.U.S.
The Second Bank of the United States, which was a central bank chartered in 1816.
Nicholas Biddle
The president of the Second Bank of the United States who opposed Jackson's policies.
Clay's plan
A strategy proposed by Henry Clay to recharter the Second Bank of the United States.
Jackson's Veto
Andrew Jackson's rejection of the recharter of the Second Bank, citing it as unconstitutional.
Panic of 1837
A financial crisis that led to a severe economic depression in the United States.
Maysville Road Bill
A proposed internal improvement project that Jackson vetoed, reflecting his opposition to federal funding for state projects.
Development of Second Political Party System
The emergence of the Democratic and Whig parties in the United States during the Jacksonian era.
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