UF BSC 2011 Exam 1 Review Questions, Exam 1 BSC2011 UF 2019, UF BSC2011: Exam 1

Clade

part of a phylogenic tree that contains an ancestor and all descendants of that ancestor

Data that can be used to build a phylogenic tree

Morphology (observable physical characteristics) and molecular sequences (nucleotides, amino acids)

Synapamorphy

shared derived traits that provide evidence of a common ancestry of a group

Synapamorphy ancestral or derived trait?

Derived

Three domains of life

Bacteria (prokaryotes), Archaea (prokaryotes), Eukarya (eukaryotes)

Photoautotroph

Organism that use light to generate ATP for the purpose of carbon fixation

How did evolution of photosynthesis change the earth?

Filled environment with oxygen. Created vast diversity within the kingdom Eukarya.

Lateral transfer

When genes move from one species to another

Endosymbiosis

When two organisms compliment each other and one of the two organisms lives within the other

What organelles did eukaryotes acquire in endosymbiosis?

Mitochondria, chloroplasts

Are all photosynthetic eukaryotes plants?

NO!!

Dominant form in bryophyte life cycle

Gametophyte

Do bryophyte sporophyte and gametophyte live independently?

No, sporophyte is dependent on gametophyte

Red algae vs. Green plants

Red algae chlorophyll A only, green algae chlorophyll A and B. Red algae varies from single celled organisms to complex multicellular organisms.

Streptophyte Synapamorphies

retention of egg in parental organisms, apical growth, oogamy, plasmodesmata

Plasmodesmata

small holes/ channels that make water transport much easier

Parenchyma

Basic tissue type in the streptophytes with cells linked by plasmodesmata

Land plant synapamorphies

cuticle, stomata, gametangia, embryo, pigments, sporopollenin, mycorrhizae

Cuticle

a waxy coating that protects from water loss, disease, sun and organisms who are predators

Stomata

small openings that allow for gas exchange in air while minimizing water loss

Sporopollenin

protective coating for spores

Mycorrhizae plants

Plants that have mutually beneficial association with fungi, fungi attach to plant roots and increase surface area of roots allowing for more water to be taken up throught the plant

Groups of plants within the bryophytes

liverworts, horntails and mosses

Are bryophytes a clade?

NO!

Primary characteristics of bryophytes

no vascular system, very small, no structure to keep them off the ground, no structure to transfer food and water through the plant

Why do bryophytes tend to live in moist habitats?

bryophytes move nutrients through diffusion and osmosis so they have to be near water to survive

Dominant form in the bryophyte life cycle

Gametophyte

Can bryophyte sporophytes and gametophytes live indepedently?

No. Sporophyte is physiologically dependent on the gametophyte.

Where are bryophyte gametes produced?

Archegonium (female sex organ) and antheridium (male sex organ)

How are gametes dispersed in bryophytes?

Ephiphyte

Organisms that live together with no beneficial or paristic relationship. (plants growing on a tall tree). benefits are indirect.

Parisite

lives off of another organisms. Not mutually beneficial, only beneficial to one.

Main characteristics of liverworts

no true stomata, rhizoids, elaters, green- flat like gametophyte, sporophyte remains attached to the larger gametophyte, can reproduce sexually or asexually, no internal water conduction; differ from other bryophytes in the fact that they do not have a true stomata and other bryophytes do

Rhizoids

help anchor liverworts to the ground

Gemma cups

Elaters

Liverwort sexual reproduction

Main characteristics of mosses

erect, leafy gametophytes, stomata, hyroids, sporophyte is attached and dependent on gametophyte, peristome teeth!!!!

Peristome teeth

moss adaptation for spore dispersal, can change sbape with

Peristome teeth part of gametophyte or sporophyte?

Main features of hornworts

sporophytes look lie small horns, cells contain one chloroplast, symbiotic relationship with cyanobacteria (nitrogen fixation), 100 extant species

Transpiration cohesion theory-

Properties of H2O for water movement

hydrogen bonding allows water molecules to stick to eachother and move up the plant easily, adhesion allows it to stick to the walls of the plant easily

Phloem -

food transport

What do lycophytes have that bryophytes do not have?

VASCULAR TISSUE!!!

Sporangia

spore forming structures in lycophytes and monilophytes

Strobulis

clusters of sporangia

Microphyll

leaf with unbranched single vein

Megaphyll

complex branching of veins in a leaf

Which plants have megaphylls?

Monilophytes and seed plants

What plants make up the Euphyllophytes?

rest of vascular plants outside of lycophytes and monilophytes

Synapamorphies of euphyllophytes

leaf gap in stem where leaves emerge, differentiation between main stem and side branches

Two main lineages of monilophytes

Horsetails and Leptosporangiate ferms

How do horsetails and leptosporangiate ferns differ?

Megagametophyte

developed from megaspore, only produced eggs (female)

Microgametophyte

developed from microspore, only produces sperm (male)

Sori

clusters of sporangia, would find them on the backs of leaves

annulus

ring of specialized cells on the sporangium, assists in spore dispersal

Seed plants heterosporous or homosporous?

Heterosporous (produces spores of both sexes)

Seed plant lifecycle vs bryophytes

Seed plant lifecycle vs ferns

Major synapamorphies of seed plants

Seeds and woody secondary growth

How does a seed develop?

Pollen in seed plants

contains microgametophyte (contains sperm), it is released from the microsporangium, protected by sporopollenin

How does fertilization occur in seed plants?

sister groups

the two lineages that emerge from a node on a cladogram

Phylogeny

Evolutionary history of a species

phylogenetic tree

A family tree that shows the evolutionary relationships thought to exist among groups of organisms

clades

A group of species that includes an ancestral species and all its descendants.

parsimony

simplest hypothesis is the working hypothesis

Synapomorphies

shared derived characters

monophyletic group

group that consists of a single ancestral species and all its descendants and excludes any organisms that are not descended from that common ancestor

polyphyletic group

does not include the common ancestor

paraphyletic group

A monophyletic group in which some descendants of the common ancestor have been removed.

Photoautotrophs

Organisms that use light as a source of energy to synthesize organic substances.

Impact of photoautotrph on evolution

Over about a billion years, these organisms created an oxygen rich atmosphere, which favored organisms that could withstand and utilize oxygen. This selective pressure set the stage for the rise and diversification of the eukaryotes.

Endosymbiosis

Engulfment of cyanobacteria and evolution of cyanobacteria into chloroplasts.

primary endosymbiosis is a shared derived trait between

all of plantea

Endosymbiosis evidence

the mitochondria and the chloroplast contain their own DNA and ribosomes, and they can make their own proteins

Chloroplasts have two plasma membranes.

endosymbiotic theory

theory that eukaryotic cells formed from a symbiosis among several different prokaryotic organisms

secondary endosymbiosis

when a living cell engulfs another eukaryote cell that has already undergone primary endosymbiosis

Why is red algae red?

it has phycoerythrin in its chloroplast

did you know not all red algae is red? why

yeah so red algae in shallow areas is actually green because of the amount of sun it gets. the shallower one has more chlorophyll a

and btw red algae has chlorophyll A

three important clades of green algea

chlorophytes, coleochaetophy, and stoneworts

Streptophytes

group that includes green algae and land plants

not chlorophytes

which is 2 are most similar to land plants: chlorophytes, coleochaetophy, and stoneworts

coleochaetophy and stoneworts

how many membranes in chloroplast if the organism displays secondary endosymbiosis

3 membranes

Land plants synapomorphies

development from embryo

Embryophytes

Another name for land plants, recognizing that land plants share the common derived trait of multicellular, dependent embryos.

What are nonvascular plants?

bryophytes

types of bryophytes

mosses, liverworts, hornworts

T/F: Nonvascular plants form a clade

false

T/F: Vascular plants form a clade

true

plasmodesmata role

Allow communication between cells

how does plasmodesmata function?

there are holes in the cell wall that connect the cell membranes

those membranes connect and communicate between all the cells in the unit

purpose of cuticles

so no water leaves the thing

Stomata

Small openings on the underside of a leaf through which oxygen and carbon dioxide can move

minimizes water loss

sporopollenin

A durable polymer that covers exposed zygotes of charophyte algae and forms the walls of plant spores, preventing them from drying out.

Antheridium

Structure that produces sperm, develops on the gametophyte

Megaspores

Produced by large female cones and will develop into female gametophytes