Lifespan Occupations All Quiz Questions

Four-month-old Logan's parents are tracking his motor development. Which motor skill is Logan likely to have already achieved?

grasps cube

Which statement about brain plasticity is true?

Many areas of a highly plastic cerebral cortex are not yet committed to specific functions.

Terry and Ahmad plan to adopt 3-year-old Oleg, who has been living in an orphanage since birth. Terry and Ahmad should know that early, prolonged institutionalization __________.

leads to a decrease in size and activity in the cerebral cortex

Brenda is unable to breastfeed her baby. She worries that she is depriving him of an experience essential for healthy psychological development. Brenda should know that __________.

breastfed and bottle-fed infants in industrialized nations do not differ in quality of the mother-infant relationship or in later emotional adjustment

Every time baby Gloria nurses, she is placed on a nursing pillow. Gloria's mother later notices that each time Gloria is placed on the pillow, she makes sucking movements. In this example, __________ is the conditioned stimulus.

Placement on the pillow

Six-month-old Eva dropped her teething ring in a fairly rigid way, simply letting go and watching it with interest. This example demonstrates Piaget's belief that, at first, schemes are __________.

sensorimotor action patterns

Ten-month-old Hannah is shown a stuffed sheep, and then it is hidden under a blanket. Which statement is true?

Hannah can find the sheep by coordinating two schemes—"pushing" aside the blanket and "grasping" the toy.

On Monday, 20-month-old Raoul watches his brother Carlos stir his applesauce with a spoon. On Thursday, Raoul tries to use a spoon to stir his applesauce. Raoul is using a(n) __________ to imitate Carlos's behavior.

mental representation

Four-month-old Michaela groups stimuli on the basis of shape and size. This means that Michaela is able to __________.

categorize

Two-year-old Carmen is trying to fit pieces into a wooden puzzle form. Her father helps Carmen turn the pieces so they fit snuggly in place. As Carmen's skill improves, her father steps back, letting her try on her own. This example illustrates the concept of __________.

scaffolding

Herb and Nyla value make-believe as a developmentally beneficial activity. They would like to promote their 18-month-old daughter's play. You can tell them that toddlers' make-believe is more elaborate when __________.

adults participate

Matt is looking for child care for his 1-year-old daughter, Emmalyn. You can tell him to look for a __________.

consistent daily schedule that is flexible, to meet the needs of individual children

One of the lasting contributions of psychoanalytic theory is its __________.

ability to capture the essence of personality during each period of development

Two-year-old Eva's parents meet her assertions of independence with tolerance and understanding. They provide suitable guidance and reassurance. According to Erikson's theory, Eva will develop __________ as a result.

autonomy

Which of the following would be most likely to evoke Jasper's first laugh?

his sister saying "Here I come!" and kissing his tummy

When 10-month-old Delia's mother greets her, Delia is likely to display a __________ smile.

broad, "cheek-raised"

When Reggie takes his baby son, Tyson, to his workplace for the first time, Reggie's assistant abruptly picks Tyson up and walks around the office. Tyson cries and reaches out for Reggie. Tyson is expressing __________.

stranger anxiety

After being gently scolded for taking a toy away from his cousin, 20-month-old Rainer lowers his eyes, hangs his head, and hides his face with his hands. Rainer is expressing __________.

shame

Bindi quickly establishes regular routines, is generally cheerful, and adapts easily to new experiences. In Thomas and Chess's research, Bindi would be classified as a(n) __________ child.

easy

Shortly after giving birth to Max, Tanisha's mood plunged. She felt anxious, weepy, overwhelmed, and angry at loss of control over her own schedule. As a result of Tanisha's postpartum depression, Max probably __________.

sleeps poorly

Casey suffered damage to the cerebellum. Casey will most likely display both __________ and __________ deficits.

motor; cognitive

Four-year-old Erin is a picky eater. How can Erin's parents encourage her to eat a new food?

Repeatedly expose her to the new food without any direct pressure to eat it.

Which statement is supported by research on childhood injury rates in the United States?

Children from advantaged families are at considerably greater risk for injury than children in Western Europe.

Four-year-old Noam focuses on his own viewpoint and assumes that others perceive, think, and feel the same way he does. Noam's thinking is __________.

egocentric

Elias is shown 15 matchbox cars, 5 of which are blue and 10 of which are red. When asked, "Are there more red cars or cars?" Elias responds, "More red cars." This class inclusion problem shows that Elias __________.

has difficulty with hierarchical classification

Which classroom emphasizes Piagetian principles?

The Blue Room, where teachers plan activities for individual children and small groups, not just for the whole class

Dr. Kahng shows a group of preschoolers a tray with a set of 10 familiar items. She then takes the tray out of the room and asks the children to name the items they saw. Dr. Kahng is testing __________.

recall memory

When asked, "How many are there?" 5-year-old Kara correctly counts nine gummy bears. She tells her teacher there are nine bears because she knows that the last number in the counting sequence indicates the quantity of items in the set. Kara has a grasp of __________.

cardinality

For most children, the left cerebral hemisphere __________.

is especially active between 3 and 6 years and then levels off

Which statement about unintentional injuries in childhood is true?

Boys are more likely than girls to suffer severe injuries.

Three-year-old Rayna says, "I Rayna. I a girl. I run fast. I like yellow." Rayna is beginning to develop __________.

a self-concept

Four-year-old Darius is learning to talk about his feelings. He is becoming better at emotional self-regulation, and he is starting to express empathy. Darius is developing __________.

emotional competence

Four-year-old Jamal is likely to consider __________ as more wrong than __________.

stealing an eraser; licking his plate

Shelby tells her classmates not to play with Sophia because "she lies." This is an example of __________ aggression.

relational

Six-year-old Tiana recognizes that she is still a girl when she cuts her hair short, wears overalls, and plays with toy cars. Tiana has developed __________.

gender constancy

Herma's parents are warm but overindulgent and inattentive. They make few demands for maturity. They permit Herma to make many decisions before she is ready. Herma's parents have a(n) __________ style of child rearing.

permissive

Tanner's parents are withdrawn. They make no demands of Tanner and are indifferent to his point of view. Tanner's parents have a(n) __________ style of child rearing.

uninvolved

According to Erikson, preschoolers' exuberant play and bold efforts to master new tasks break down when they __________.

are threatened, criticized, and punished excessively by adults

Which statement about preschoolers' self-judgments is true?

Preschoolers usually rate their own ability as extremely high.

Early in the preschool years, children __________.

refer to causes, consequences, and behavioral signs of emotion

Which child is at the greatest risk for overweight?

Leo, who watches 2 hours of TV and Internet ads in his bedroom each day

Which child is particularly susceptible to injury in middle childhood?

Luz, who is impulsive and highly active

Paul is concerned because his 6-year-old son, Bobby, prints using large letters and numbers. Bobby's writing is large because he __________.

makes strokes with his entire arm rather than just the wrist and fingers

Ten-year-old Nadia enjoys making up games and playing them with her friends. Playing these child-invented games allows Nadia to __________.

try out different styles of cooperating and competing with little personal risk

While playing in the park, Emmett and Cary wrestle, roll, hit, and run after one another. This friendly, rough-and-tumble play __________.

helps children form a dominance hierarchy

During a conservation-of-water experiment, 8-year-old Emme can focus on several aspects of the problem and relate them, rather than centering on just one aspect. Therefore, Emme is capable of __________.

decentration

Ten-year-old Cora has attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Cora's __________ than her unaffected agemates.

brain is probably growing more slowly

In Enrique's fourth-grade class, the teacher asks the children to attend to their own breathing or to manipulate an object held behind their backs while noticing how it feels. Enrique's teacher is using __________ training to promote children's __________.

mindfulness; executive function

Eight-year-old Miles has confidence in his own ability. When he faces a spelling test, he believes that he can practice spelling the words and he will do well on the test. Miles has developed __________.

academic self-efficacy

As muscles adapt to an enlarging skeleton, children often experience

nighttime "growing pains"

Francisco, a fifth grader, shows industriousness when he __________.

designs a robot and enters a competition with it

Eleven-year-old Leah has developed a sense of competence at a number of useful skills and tasks. She has a positive but realistic self-concept and takes pride in her accomplishments. According to Erikson, Leah has __________.

positively resolved the psychological conflict of middle childhood

Which self-description is 10-year-old Destiny the most likely to use?

"I'm smart in certain subjects like math and science."

Loren needs constant reassurance and relies heavily on peers to affirm his self-worth. His parents are probably __________.

repeatedly disapproving and insulting

Natasha's parents are indulgent. As a result, she probably __________.

has unrealistically high self-esteem

Mr. and Mrs. Rodriguez want to foster a positive, secure self-image in their son. Which approach would you suggest?

Encourage him to strive for worthwhile goals because his eventual achievement will foster self-esteem.

When Desiree gets an A in language arts, she assumes it was pure luck. Desiree probably __________.

is a learned-helpless child

When John succeeds, his father says, "You're so smart!" However, when he fails, his father says, "You can't do that, can you? It's okay if you quit." John's father's messages could play a key role in John's adoption of a __________.

fixed view of ability

Ten-year-old Lakisha is likely to experience __________, even when no adult is present.

pride in a new accomplishment

Eleven-year-old Darwin is more likely than 6-year-old Janeen to explain emotion by referring to __________.

internal states

Charlotte lives in the United States. At 15 years of age, she most likely __________.

is in middle adolescence

Fourteen-year-old Phil experiences muscle growth and notices the growth of body and facial hair. Which hormone is responsible for this change?

testosterone

Ann-Marie is having frequent disagreements with her teenage daughter. You can let her know that by late adolescence, __________.

only a small minority of families experience continuing friction

Rose suffers from anorexia nervosa. You can tell her parents that the most successful treatment for Rose is probably __________.

family therapy and medication to reduce anxiety

According to Piaget, 12-year-old Bula __________

can "operate on operations"

Kia, age 14, uses hypothetico-deductive reasoning. Therefore, when faced with a problem, Kia probably __________.

starts with a hypothesis from which she deduces logical, testable inferences

When faced with a propositional reasoning problem, 17-year-old Iris is likely to __________.

justify her reasoning by explaining the logical rules on which it is based

Mr. Vogt is frustrated with his daughter's exaggerated sense of her personal uniqueness. One way he could deal with this is to __________.

encourage a more balanced perspective by pointing out that he had similar feelings as a teenager

Today, we know that __________.

biological, psychological, and social forces combine to influence adolescent development

The first outward sign of puberty is __________.

the rapid gain in height and weight known as the growth spurt

Eighteen-year-old Gisela stopped attending her church youth group and Sunday services, and, contrary to her conservative parents' beliefs, became immersed in a liberal political movement. Two months later, she lost interest in the movement and joined a new church. According to Erikson, Gisela is experiencing __________.

an identity crisis

Landon's parents wonder how his self-esteem will differentiate in adolescence. Which dimensions of self-evaluation is he likely to add to those of middle childhood?

close friendship, romantic appeal, and job competence

Laurent plans to major in engineering in college. When asked if he might change his career path, he responds, "I might, but I doubt it. I've spent a lot of time studying my options. I'm pretty sure engineering is right for me." Laurent is demonstrating identity __________.

achievement

Emelia accepts her family's religious beliefs without question. She has never reconsidered them. She is characterized by identity __________.

foreclosure

When asked about his political beliefs, Paolo responds, "Oh, I don't know. It doesn't make much difference to me." Paolo is demonstrating identity __________.

diffusion

At times, Drucilla is anxious and depressed about finding commitments, but she uses an active, information-gathering cognitive style to make personal decisions and solve problems: She seeks out relevant information, evaluates it carefully, and critically reflects on her views. Drucilla is experiencing identity __________.

moratorium

Eighteen-year-old Hershel assumes that absolute truth is always attainable. Hershel is probably __________.

identity-foreclosed

Xiao is an adolescent immigrant from a culture that values interdependent qualities. The longer his family has been in the United States, the less Xiao feels committed to obeying his parents and fulfilling family obligations. As a result, Xiao may experience __________.

acculturative stress

For most young people, identity development __________.

is a process of exploration followed by commitment

Changes in __________ and __________ set the stage for developing a unified personal identity.

self-concept; self-esteem

More college students than in past generations __________.

change majors as they explore career options

Today's emerging adults __________.

have a stronger pluralistic orientation than young people in previous generations

About half of U.S. emerging adults __________.

remain stable in their religious commitment, or lack thereof

Alcohol and drug use peaks among U.S. __________ and then declines steadily with age.

19- to 25-year-olds

__________ is the single most important preventable cause of death in industrialized nations.

Cigarette smoking

Barry, a 21-year-old college student, has spent a lot of time exploring the breadth of his career options and has not yet made a commitment to a major. Johanna, age 20, committed to an engineering major and has been exploring her decision in depth. Which statement is most likely true?

Johanna is higher than Barry in self-esteem and psychological well-being.

Ryan is a typical emerging adult. Which of the following is he likely to say is the most essential for attaining adult status?

constructing a worldview

When Paul started his job, he developed a close relationship with Richard, a senior colleague. Richard helped Paul succeed in his job, and with Richard's help, Paul was quickly promoted. According to Levinson, Richard __________.

acted as a mentor to Paul

Gloria's marriage was riddled with jealousy, emotional highs and lows, and desperation about whether her husband returned her affection. Though she offered support to her husband, Gloria did so in ways that poorly fit his needs. She was also quick to express fear and anger. Based on this information, it is likely that Gloria has a(n) __________ attachment history.

resistant

When a sample of 1,000 U.S. 18- to 29-year-olds diverse in SES and ethnicity was asked, "Do you consider yourself to have reached adulthood?" the majority of those between 18 and 21 gave __________ answer.

an ambiguous "yes and no"

__________ parenting in particular is linked to emerging adults' psychological well-being.

Autonomy-supportive

Erikson believed that successful resolution of intimacy versus isolation prepares the individual for the middle adulthood stage, which focuses on __________.

generativity

According to Levinson, of the many components of the __________, usually only a few, relating to family, close friendships, and occupation, are central.

life structure

According to Levinson, a second transition occurs around age __________.

30

__________ love is strong at the beginning of a relationship.

Passionate

__________ of U.S. 18- to 25-year-olds return to their parents' home for brief periods after first leaving.

Slightly over half

__________ is the most consistent predictor of marital stability.

Age at marriage

The most common disadvantage of parenthood cited by contemporary couples is __________.

role overload

Improved family communication, improved parent-child interaction, and social support are all benefits of __________.

parent education courses

On average, people in their twenties experience __________ job changes.

Three or Four