Test 1

Ch 1-3

Because the effects of drugs are both predictable and obvious, it is relatively easy to define harmful drug use.

True

False

False (Drugs have a variety of effects on people, and the way drugs are perceived may vary in different cultures and subcultures. As a result, it has proved difficult to create a definition of drug abuse that is generally agreeable)

A drug’s street name sometimes describes the actual effects of that drug.

True

False

True (Street names, which come from drug subcultures and the street drug market, sometimes do reflect actual drug effects)

A person’s reaction to a drug depends mostly on the biological action of the drug in the body.

True

False

False (Biology is important, but psychological and social or environmental factors must also be included to explain the effects of psychoactive drugs on humans)

Because drug use is complicated, it is impossible to estimate patterns of drug use for the population of a whole country.

True

False

False (Drug use is complicated, but sophisticated sampling methods and computers have made it possible to select large numbers of people and survey them to derive precise estimates of drug use in a given population)

From 2008 to 2018, the use of alcohol, cocaine, and heroin have increased in the United States.

True

False

False (From 2008 to 2018, the use of alcohol, cocaine, and heroin use remained relatively unchanged in the United States. During this time, however, the use of marijuana increased)

The highest rates of alcohol and other drug use are found among 18-25 year olds.

True

False

True (People in this age group, called “young adults,” have the highest rates of alcohol and other drug use in the United States)

A person’s use of more than one drug at a time is of little concern because it happens so infrequently.

True

False

False (Although multiple drug use is not as frequent as use of a single substance, it is hardly rare, especially among young people. It is of great concern because combining drugs sometimes has unpredictable effects that may be life-threatening)

Estimated economic costs associated with alcohol and drug use include illness, death, medical expenses, and crime.

True

False

True (When governments estimate the economic cost associated with alcohol and drug use, they include costs of illness, death, medical expenses, and crime)

The chemical action of alcohol and other drugs causes violence and crime.

True

False

False (The use of alcohol and other, but not all other, drugs is associated with violence and crime but does not directly cause such behavior)

Modern researchers rely on definitions of alcohol and other drugs that are free of social or cultural biases.

True

False

False (We are improving our ability to rid our definitions of biases, but due to the influence of social and cultural factors on alcohol and other drug use and the perception of such use, it is unlikely that we will ever arrive at bias-free definitions)

A diagnosis of substance use disorder is made when a person has become either physically or psychologically dependent on a drug.

True

False

False (Tolerance and physical dependence are two of 11 criteria in DSM-5 that must be considered in making a diagnosis of substance use disorder. In DSM-5, psychological dependence “is not among the criteria for substance use disorder.”)

Definitions of addiction emphasize overwhelming involvement with a drug.

True

False

True (Addiction is identified when a person has overwhelming involvement with using a drug. The person’s life centers on getting an adequate supply of the drug, which takes priority over most or all other parts of life, such as school, job, family, and friends)

The continued use of any drug will eventually lead to tolerance of and physical dependence on that drug.

True

False

False (The continued use of many, but not all, drugs may lead to tolerance of and physical dependence on that drug)

How are these 10 systems alike?

athletic

biological

economic

educational

legal

medical

political

psychological

religious

social/cultural

They influence or are influenced by alcohol and other drug use

The first recorded use of cannabis was in the early 1800s.

True

False

False (The use of Cannabis sativa dates back to around 2700 BC in China, where Emperor Shen Nung recommended it for the treatment of various ailments)

Grape wine was the first alcoholic beverage to be used.

True

False

False (Beer and huckleberry wine were used as early as 6400 BC. Grape wine did not appear until between 300 BC and 400 BC)

The Opium Wars between China and Great Britain in the mid-1800s occurred in large part because Britain was unwilling to curtail its trade of opium into China.

True

False

True (Most of the opium used in China at the time was cultivated in India and brought to China by British traders. Although opiate dependence was a major problem for China, the British were unwilling to curtail this trade in part because of financial reasons and in part because in England, those who used opium were not experiencing the same degree of dependence)

Khat, a mild stimulant consumed by chewing, is used by Sufi men for religious purposes.

True

False

True (Khat is a mild stimulant that has been used in the Horn of Africa and surrounding regions for at least eight centuries. Sufi religious men chew on khat while mediating on the Koran)

Many of the drugs that are now illegal in the United States were widely used to treat a broad spectrum of maladies in the 1800s and early 1900s.

True

False

True (Opiates, marijuana, cocaine, and amphetamines were all used at one time or another to treat various ailments. Use of these drugs was restricted when their physically and mentally dependent natures were recognized)

The first notable drug law in the United States - the 1975 San Francisco ordinance - banned the smoking of opium.

True

False

False (The San Francisco ordinance banned opium dens but not the actual smoking of opium)

The Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906 had little impact on individuals who were dependent on drugs.

True

False

True (This act was designed to control opiate dependence and legislated that producers of medicines indicate on their packaging the amount of drugs contained in the products. The act had little impact on those dependent on drugs at the time but may have served to decrease the number of hose who become newly dependent)

The Harrison Narcotics Tax Act of 1914 sharply curtailed the prevalence of heroin use in the United States.

True

False

False (This act strictly regulated the legal supply of certain drugs but actually served to shift those with an opium or morphine addiction to heroin \[which became easier to obtain on the black market\])

The Eighteenth Amendment, which prohibited the production, sale, transportation, and importing of alcohol, failed because it did not have a substantial effect on drinking in the United States.

True

False

False (Prohibition did have an effect on drinking. In fact, the rate of drinking decreased markedly. In addition, death rates attributable to liver cirrhosis decreased, and there was a decline in both admission rates to state hospitals for alcoholism and arrest rates for alcohol-related offenses)

Several states in the United States have decriminalized marijuana possession and use.

True

False

True (As of late 2020, 14 states and the District of Columbia had decriminalized marijuana)

The most successful aspect of the war on drugs has been the interception of drugs.

True

False

False (Most experts conclude that this effort has been a failure, even though hundreds of millions of dollars were spent on it. The flow of drugs into the United States has not been significantly altered)

Hair testing is a reliable method of testing for drug use.

True

False

False (While it is possible to test for the presence of drugs such as cocaine and marijuana in strands of hair, the process is not sufficiently reliable)

Certain cells in the nervous system have the unique ability to communicate with each other.

True

False

True (Neurons are able to communicate with each other through an electrochemical process known as neural transmission)

The effects of drugs always involve naturally occurring physiological processes.

True

False

True (Drugs act by making defined natural functions of the brain or body either more or less active)

Some drugs work by blocking the reuptake of neurotransmitters into axon terminals.

True

False

True (Some drugs work by blocking the reuptake of neurotransmitters into the axon terminals, thereby changing the levels of neurotransmitter in the brain)

All drugs have the same basic effect on a cellular level; that is, they block all neural firing.

True

False

False (Although some drugs, called antagonists, do block receptor sites and prevent activation of the receptor, other drugs, called agonists, activate the receptor)

The brain is shielded from many toxic substances by a protective barrier.

True

False

True (The brain is protected from toxic compounds that might enter the bloodstream by a blood-brain barrier that screens many, but not all, chemicals)

The two main branches of the nervous system are the peripheral nervous system (PNS) and the autonomic nervous system (ANS).

True

False

False (The two main branches of the nervous system are the central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system (PNS))

An excess of dopamine is associated with Parkinson’s disease.

True

False

False (Dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra degenerate in Parkinson’s disease, which leads to a deficiency of dopamine)

The brain is firmly attached to the inside of the skull by tough membranes known as the meninges.

True

False

False (The brain floats within the skull in a liquid known as cerebrospinal fluid)

The autonomic nervous system is responsible for regulating food and water intake.

True

False

False (Food and water intake appears to be regulated by the hypothalamus, a structure found in the brain)

Animals will work for the electrical stimulation of certain parts of the brain.

True

False

True (The mesolimbic dopaminergic pathway is sometimes called the pleasure center of the brain)

Which of the following is FALSE according to the results of surveys completed in various countries (including the USA) reported by Degenhardt (2008)?

a. China, Africa, and the Middle East report lower prevalence rates of alcohol use than USA

b. All countries reported higher drug use prevalence rates for men than women

c. Asian countries reported the highest rates of cannabis use

c. Asian countries reported the highest rates of cannabis use

Respondents in the US National Survey on Drug Use and Health ________.

a. are 12 and older

b. are 13 and older

c. are 18 and older

d. include those in prisons and who are homeless

a. are 12 and older

According to the 2020 National Survey on Drug Use and Health, about _____ of people report having used at least one illicit drug in the past month.

a. 50%

b. 20%

c. 14%

d. 5%

c. 14%

_____ refers to the general occurrence of an event, usually expressed in terms of percentage of some population; _____ refers to the number of first time occurrences of an event.

a. incidence; prevalence

b. dependence; abuse

c. prevalence; incidence

d. abuse; dependence

c. prevalence; incidence

Lisbeth has a stressful job and she relies on drugs to relieve her stress. She doesn’t care for alcohol, so she uses an illegal substance. Which one is she most likely to use?

a. opioids

b. heroin

c. cocaine

d. marijuana

d. marijuana

According to the National Survey on Drug Use and Health, nicotine is the most commonly used drug in the US.

True

False

False

According to the 2020 National Survey on Drug Use and Health, about _____ of people report having used alcohol in the past year.

a. 10%

b. 25%

c. 50%

d. 65%

e. 80%

d. 65%

The field of _____ is the scientific study of drugs including how drugs act on on biological systems and the body’s response to the drug.

a. pharmacology

b. psychopharmacology

c. biochemistry

d. biopsychology

a. pharmacology

_____ is defined as any use of drugs that causes physical, psychological, legal, or social harm to the individual user or to others affected by the drug user’s behavior.

a. substance abuse

b. substance misuse

c. substance dependence

a. substance abuse

Calling amphetamines “speed” is an example of drug classification by therapeutic use.

True

False

False

Which statement is part of the World Health Organization’s definition of “drug”?

a. any chemical agent that alters the biochemical physiological processes of tissues or organisms

b. any substance that is necessary to maintain normal physical health

c. any chemical agent that consists of a combination of substances

d. any illegal chemical substance

a. any chemical agent that alters the biochemical physiological processes of tissues or organisms

The laws pertaining to drug use in the user’s community are considered an aspect of what?

a. the route of drug administration

b. the degree to which a use misuses a drug

c. the accessibility of a drug

d. the setting in which a drug is used

d. the setting in which a drug is used

T/F: The drug experience is influenced by characteristics of the user as well as where the drug is used.

True

False

True

_____ drugs are those that affect moods, thinking, and behavior.

a. psychoaffective

b. psychoactive

c. psychotropic

d. psychophysiological

b. psychoactive

Which of the following is true of polydrug use?

a. it is important to understand because of the potential effects on the body

b. it is defined as taking different drugs in sequence in order to move from one drug experience to another

c. it is not dangerous as long as all the drugs have the same classification

d. it can involve all drugs with the exception of alcohol

a. it is important to understand because of the potential effects on the body

The term *withdrawal* refers to a definable illness that occurs with a cessation or decrease in the use of a drug.

True

False

True

Which of the following is NOT included in the DSM-5 criteria for substance use disorder?

a. recurrent interpersonal problems as a result of substance use

b. unsuccessful attempts to control substance use

c. recurrent impaired performance at work/school as a result of substance use

d. recurrent legal problems as a result of substance use

d. recurrent legal problems as a result of substance use

Which of the following is characterized by compulsive drug use evidenced by getting and using the drug, and, a strong tendency to resume use of it after stopping for a period?

a. addiction

b. withdrawal

c. craving

d. tolerance

a. addiction

The DSM-IV

a. included repeated legal difficulties as an indication of a substance abuse

b. had substance abuse and substance dependence disorders

c. included a substance dependence disorder that would be considered what most people consider addiction

d. all of the other choices

d. all of the other choices

Which is not one of the categories of criteria for substance use disorder in the DSM-5?

a. dependence

b. risky use

c. social impairment

d. impaired control

a. dependence

Which of the following is true?

a. substance induced disorders include mood disorders, anxiety disorders, sexual dysfunction, and sleep disorders

b. substance induced disorders include mood disorders, sexual dysfunction, and sleep disorders, but not anxiety disorderse

c. substance induced disorders include mood disorders, anxiety disorders, and sexual dysfunction, but not psychotic disorders

d. substance induced disorders include anxiety disorders, sexual dysfunction, and sleep disorders, but not mood disorders

a. substance induced disorders include mood disorders, anxiety disorders, sexual dysfunction, and sleep disorders

If _____ to a drug develops, the individual must consume increasing amounts of it to achieve a desired drug effect.

a. tolerance

b. withdrawal

c. rebound effects

d. dependence

a. tolerance

T/F: Withdrawal symptoms of an addictive drug are the opposite of the drug’s effects.

True

False

True

John drinks a beer when he gets home from work some days and not on other days. Sometimes he drinks on the weekend and sometimes he does not. Which level of use best fits John?

a. experimental use

b. social recreational use

c. substance abuse

d. habitual regular use

b. social recreational use

It is possible to relieve a person’s withdrawal symptoms from a drug by administering that same drug.

True

False

True

In order for someone to meet the criteria for a DSM-5 substance use disorder,

a. the person must show significant distress about his/her use

b. 2 criteria have to have been met during a 12-month time period

c. 1 criteria from each of the 4 categories of criteria is required

b. 2 criteria have to be met during a 12-month time period

Which of the following is true about the diagnosis of substance use disorder in DSM-5

a. all of these are true

b. the most significant criteria are tolerance and withdrawal

c. separate symptoms have been listed for each individual drug type

d. there is no longer a distinction between dependence and abuse of a given substance

d. there is no longer a distinction between dependence and abuse of a given substance

All of the following are examples of impaired control associated with substance use disorder in the DSM-5 EXCEPT:

a. Taylor has to drink 5 servings of alcohol to experience the same buzz as they used to experience with 2 servings.

b. Jordan repeatedly has at least 8 servings of alcohol when they drink even though they have promised themselves they won’t have more than 2 servings on any day.

c. Richard does not come home until late every Friday even though he promises his spouse he will be home by 7pm.

d. Frank spends most of every day counting his pills, going to the doctor to get more pills, and experiencing the effects of his pills.

a. Taylor has to drink 5 servings of alcohol to experience the same buzz as they used to experience with 2 servings.

Julia is a heavy drinker who suffers in only one way when deprived of alcohol: she craves it. What is Julia suffering from?

a. physical dependence

b. cyclical dependence

c. behavioral dependence

d. psychological dependence

d. psychological dependence

In order for someone to meet the criteria for a DSM-5 substance use disorder,

a. pharmacological criteria are required

b. 2 of 11 criteria have to be met

c. 5 criteria are required

d. impaired control is required

b. 2 of 11 criteria have to be met

What plant used in Asia Minor around 5000 BC was known as ‘joy plant’?

a. catnip

b. hemp

c. cannabis sativa

d. opium poppy

d. opium poppy

The _____ allows for the immediate classification of drugs.

a. Harrison Narcotics Tax Act

b. Chemical Diversion and Trafficking Act

c. Controlled Substances Analogue Enforcement Act

d. Controlled Substances Act

c. Controlled Substances Analogue Enforcement Act

Although illicit drugs have often been used for medicinal purposes, it is very rare for drugs that are developed for medicinal reasons to be used in nonmedicinal ways.

True

False

False

Archaeological evidence suggests that _____ was used as early as 6400 BC.

a. heroin

b. morphine

c. alcohol

d. cocaine

c. alcohol

The more restrictive a drug law is, the more effective it is likely to be in the long run.

False

True

False

The 1950s was the era of what kind of drugs?

a. hallucinogens and tranquilizers

b. cocaine and hallucinogens

c. tranquilizers and inhalants

d. marijuana and amphetamines

c. tranquilizers and inhalants

T/F: Marijuana was used as an all-purpose medicine in the 1800s.

True

False

True

T/F: Schedule I drugs are drugs/substances that have a high potential for abuse and have at least one acceptable medicinal use for treatment in the US.

True

False

False

The Harrison Narcotics Tax Act _____.

a. allowed physicians to prescribe narcotics only in the course of their professional practice

b. did not prohibit the legal supply of the opiates

c. all of these are correct

d. incorrectly included cocaine as a narcotic

c. all of these are correct

Model cements, lighter fluids, and lacquer thinner are examples of what?

a. solvents

b. barbiturates

c. tranquilizers

d. stimulants

a. solvents

What was used in the 1930s to treat depression?

a. tranquilizers

b. barbiturates

c. amphetamines

d. inhalants

c. amphetamines

What was the “soldier’s disease” in the Civil War?

a. heroin addiction

b. gangrene

c. morphine addiction

d. alcoholism

c. morphine addiction

Which of the following did European explorers bring to the Americas?

a. tobacco

b. alcohol

c. psilocybin

d. mescaline

b. alcohol

_____ is a slang expression used to describe a saloon operating without a license during Prohibition.

a. after-hours club

b. speakeasy

c. moonshiner

d. tea pad

b. speakeasy

Drugs with little or no abuse or dependence potential are not classified in the 1970 Controlled Substances Act.

True

False

True

According to the Controlled Substances Act, marijuana falls into what category?

a. Schedule IV

b. Schedule I

c. Schedule II

d. Schedule III

b. Schedule I

The Synthetic Drug Abuse Prevention Act of 2012 added Schedule VI to the Schedules of Controlled Substances, encompassing the newly developed synthetic drugs such as bath salts.

True

False

False

How was cannabis sativa used in ancient China?

a. it was taken as a pill

b. it was smoked in a pipe

c. it was used as a herb in cooking

d. it was brewed as tea

d. it was brewed as tea

Which of the following was NOT a result of Prohibition?

a. a decrease in the rate of drinking in the states

b. a takeover of alcohol distribution by organized crime

c. increase in use of marijuana

d. shift in drinking habits from distilled spirits to beer

d. shift in drinking habits from distilled spirits to beer

The Pure Food and Drug Act _____.

a. focused on reducing alcohol addiction

b. all of these

c. barred the use of the opiates in patient medicines

d. led to a substantial decrease in the number of people struggling with addiction

e. forced the producers of medicines to indicate on the packaging the amount of drug contained therein

e. forced the producers of medicines to indicate on the packaging the amount of drug contained therein

The San Francisco Ordinance involved _____.

a. all of these are correct

b. banning the importation of opium

c. banning opium dens

d. banning the smoking of opium

c. banning opium dens

In the middle of the 1800s, drugs could be obtained in the US _____.

a. without prescription

b. none of these are correct

c. through the mail

d. at grocery stores

e. all of these are correct

e. all of these are correct

The Fair Sentencing Act of 2010 _____.

a. decriminalized possession of synthetic compounds that are not intended for human consumption

b. established harsher penalties for possession of crack cocaine than for powder cocaine

c. establishes mandatory minimum sentences for possession of designer drugs

d. gave judges more leeway in considering mitigating factors during sentencing

d. gave judges more leeway in considering mitigating factors during sentencing

An unintended consequence of the Harrison Narcotics Tax Act of 1914 was that, in the years since its passage, the law served to switch some people’s addictions from opium to what other drug?

a. alcohol

b. heroin

c. cocaine

d. barbiturates

b. heroin

Approximately what percentage of first-time heroin users are under the age of 18?

a. 50%

b. 25%

c. 15%

d. 5%

b 25%

T/F: Drug laws and their implementation in other countries are very similar to one another and to the drug laws and implementation in the US.

True

False

False

The Opium Wars occurred because _____ attempted to control or eliminate imports of opium by _____ traders.

a. Britain; Chinese

b. China; Indian

c. China; British

d. Britain; Indian

c. China; British

The brain’s main excitatory neurotransmitter is _____.

a. anandamide

b. dopamine

c. norepinephrine

d. serotonin

e. GABA

f. acetylcholine

g. endorphins

h. glutamate

h. glutamate

The branch of the autonomic nervous system that is activated during emotional arousal is the _____.

a. central branch

b. sympathetic branch

c. parasympathetic branch

d. peripheral branch

b. sympathetic branch

The _____ lobe is associated with sensory perception.

a. temporal

b. occipital

c. parietal

d. frontal

c. parietal

The primary roles associated with _____ include emotional arousal and alertness as well as regulation of hunger.

a. glutamate

b. norepinephrine

c. endorphins

d. anandamide

e. dopamine

f. GABA

g. acetylcholine

h. serotonin

b. norepinephrine

The brain’s most abundant inhibitory neurotransmitter is _____.

a. norepinephrine

b. serotonin

c. glutamate

d. anandamide

e. dopamine

f. endorphins

g. acetylcholine

h. GABA

h. GABA

T/F: The autonomic nervous system is composed of the sympathetic branch and the peripheral branch.

True

False

False

The _____ is associated with the basal ganglia and is involved in the coordination and integration of motor control.

a. reticular activating system

b. substantia nigra

c. hypothalamus

d. VTA

b. substantia nigra