bio midterm

evolutionary chronicle

non interpretive history including fossil records and phylogenetic trees

evolutionary narrative

interpretive history, the story of life on earth

microevolution

evolution below the species level focusing on the processes that cause evolutionary change over short periods of time

macroevolution

evolution above the species level focusing on the large changes over long periods of time

what three traits suggest whales evolved from mammals

young drink milk, tiny hip bones, large muscles

what evolutionist hypothesized that whales evolved from land dwelling ancestors

Darwin

what was the trait of a fossil that looked like wolves but it really was whales

the highly specialized ear bone structure

transitional forms

a species that exhibits traits shared by ancestral and derived groups

what is the blow hole in whales homologous to in humans

nose

tinkerer

evolution tinkers with existing structures to make new ones

whippo hypothesis

whales and hippos are closely related

HIV

a virus, intracellular parasites

what continent has most HIV cases

africa

where does HIV reproduce

white blood cells but it cannot reproduce on its own

why do drug cocktails work better than single drugs

because there are more effects of the drugs

teology

natural and historical processes are determined by a purpose

does evolution have a goal

no it is constantly changing

is teology correct or incorrect

yes, everything has a purpose to fulfill

phylogeny

diagram depicting evolutionary relationships

node

branching points in a phylogenetic tree, connects taxa

internode

referred to as branches

tip

aka taxa, formally named group of organisms

clade

all descendants of a most recent common ancestor

Homo sapiens

genus and epithet

paraphyletic group difference to a clade

paraphyletic groups includes some of the descendants of a common ancestor

protists

most single celled eukaryotic organisms

prokaryotes

single celled organisms

archaea

lives in high temperatures and animal stomachs

green algae

paraphyletic and marine

reptiles

dinosaurs

prokaryotes vs eukaryotes

eukaryotes have a nucleus but both have dns

mitochondria

cellular respiration makes carbon dioxide, water, and atp energy

chloroplast

photosynthesis, makes glucose and oxygen

cyanobacteria

earth’s first organism to release oxygen in the atmosphere

ctenophore

comb jellies

cnidarian

includes jellyfish, anemones, and corals

echinoderm

sea stars, urchins, cucumbers

endosymbiosis

when one cell lives inside the other (engulfs)

when was the big bang

13.8 bya

what does E, m, and c stand for

energy, mass, and speed of light

what three elements were made in the big bang

hydrogen, helium, and trace elements

where were the other main elements made during the big bang

lithium and beryllium

what elements make up 90 percent of all matter

hydrogen

why are we made out of “stardust”

the elements in our body were made of stars

what did the solar system form from

when a nebula collapsed on itself

protoplanetary disk

planets formed from the debris, a consequence of gravity

how did the earth form

colliison of solar debris after the formation of the sun

why are all planets aligned on a plane

gravity

what element forms the majority of mass in the solar system

hydrogen

how old is earth

4.5 billion years

how old are the oldest rocks

4 billion years

is earth and the oldest rocks the same age

no

was there oxygen in earth’s early atmosphere

no

how was the moon formed

theia collided with earth

what is the difference between the first living thing and most recent common ancestor of all time

the first living thing was not a catalyst to evolve into new organisms

stromatolite

layers produced as calcium carbonate and sediment precipitate over a growing mat of bacteria

are stromatolites body or trace fossils

trace fossils

how long was earth habitable before life appeared

about 400 million years

panspermia

hypothesis that transfer of organisms between planets seeded life

chemical theory of origins of life

inorganic - organic - polymers - replicating systems - protocells - true cells

phenotype

catalytic activity

genotype

similar to dan

rna world hypothesis

rna possesses catalytic activity using ribosomes

uniformitarianism

geological process taking place now worked similarly in the past

catastrophism

today’s geological formations resulted from catastrophic events

relative dating

techniques for assigning relative ages to rock star based on the relationships between newer and older rocks

radiometric dating

using elements to determine age

what is a fossil

process that allows the preservation of organic remains

what are the conditions under which fossils form

have to be undisturbed

compression fossil

during under sediment

mold/cast fossil

remains decay after buried in sediment

permineralized fossil

body parts replaced by minerals

weaknesses and strengths of fossils

old rocks aren’t common, remains of an organism that lived

during which eon did a crust form

hadean

why does earth have so much water

either came from rocks or space

were bacteria the first organism to produce oxygen

yes

when did the great oxidation event start

600 million years after photosynthesis

how did earth get oxygen

cyanobacteria potentially from space/mars

banded iron formation

layers of rock

rangeomorphs

fractal branching

is ediacarian fauna from Cambrian or precambrian

precambrian

bilateral symmetry

same on both sides

transitional forms between fish and tetrapods

tiktaalik

ichthyostega

lobe finned fish and tetrapod that lives in water

hernia

tear in the body wall when the gonads descend

sonic hedgehog gene

its like a gradient, the more the gene is expressed, the more fingers will appear

shared clade

present in two or more taxa

derived clade

changed from the ancestral condition

radialmorphs

radially symmetrical

dickinsonia

pattern of quilting

ediacaran

diversity of multicellular animals known as fauna