Isotopes and Radiation

These flashcards cover key concepts related to isotopes and radiation from the lecture.

What is an isotope?

An isotope is a version of a chemical element that has the same number of protons but a different number of neutrons in its nucleus.

What is the relationship between atomic number and isotopes?

The atomic number tells you the number of protons in an atom, while isotopes have the same atomic number but differ in mass number.

How does atomic mass relate to isotopes?

The atomic mass is the average mass of all the naturally occurring isotopes of that element, weighted by their abundance.

What is a radioisotope?

A radioisotope is an isotope that is unstable and gives off radiation as it decays to become more stable.

What are the three types of radiation?

Alpha (α) particles, Beta (β) particles, and Gamma (γ) rays.

What is the penetrating power of alpha radiation?

Alpha radiation has low penetrating power and can be stopped by paper.

What materials can block beta particles?

Beta particles can be blocked by plastic, glass, or aluminum.

What materials are required to shield against gamma rays?

Gamma rays require lead or thick concrete for shielding.

What are some positive uses of radioactive isotopes?

Medical imaging, cancer treatment, sterilizing equipment, carbon dating, and energy generation in nuclear power.

What are some negative effects of radiation?

Radiation sickness, cancer from exposure, nuclear accidents, and radioactive waste.

What is the biological effect of radiation?

Radiation can damage or kill cells and DNA, potentially causing mutations, cancer, or radiation sickness.

What is half-life?

Half-life is the time it takes for half of the radioactive atoms in a sample to decay.

What is the fission process?

Fission is when a heavy nucleus splits into smaller nuclei, releasing a large amount of energy.

What is the fusion process?

Fusion is when two light nuclei combine into a heavier one, releasing even more energy.

How have advancements in nuclear science influenced careers?

They have led to new medical treatments, space exploration, clean energy development, and new careers in nuclear science.

How can society influence scientific research?

Societal values can shape where research funding is directed, such as clean energy or healthcare innovation.