vertebrate bio

phylogeny?

evolutionary tree

apomorphy

traits unique to species

synapomorphy

shared traits between ancestor and decendent

symplesiomorphy

Shared trait with common ancestor

parsimony

The most simple explanation is the correct one

outgroup

group not belonging when comparing evolutionary relationships

ingroup

organisms fairly related to each other

monphyletic

organisms descended from a single ancestor

paraphyletic

multiple organism that descended from a common ancestor

homoplasy

organ/bodily structure within species that resemble each other and have the same function but don’t share a common ancestor.

convergent

different organisms independently evolve similar traits

sauropsid

group related to modern reptiles/lizards

synapsid

group that evolved from basal amniotes

agnathans

Jawless fish

coelom

body cavity that contain internal organs

protostome

develop head first

deuterostome

develop ass fist

urochordata

Tunicates with nerve cord in tail

cephalachordata

marine invertebrates (lancelets)

myomeres

blocks of skeletal muscle tissue in a sequence.

notochord

a cartilage rod that acts like a primitive spinal cord.

atriopore

hole where water eexits body in lancets

integument

outer protective layer of an animal;

ectoderm

outer layer of tissue

endoderm

inner layer of tissue

mesoderm

middle layer of tissue

mineralization

the hardening of tissue

dermal

the top layer of skin

endochondral

replacement of cartilage with bone

gnathostome

fish with jaws

ostrocoderm

armored, jawless fish

swim bladder

helps with buoyancy

physostomous

duct between stomach and gas bladder

physoclistic

air bladder that us not connected to stomach

pneumatic duct

connects swim bladder with stomach

neuromast organ

hair like cells that allow for navigation in fish

lateral line system

sense organs th

hypoosmolal

hyperosmolal

isomolal

stenohaline

can toleratre very little salt

euryhaline

can tolerate a lot of salt

ammonetelism

when organisms reduce waste in the form of ammonia

ureotelism

the elimination of urea in organisms

uricotely

oviparous

lays eggs

viviparous

live birth

lecitrophy

nutrition is in the yolk

matatrophy

supplied nutrients through the mother

claspers

mating organs used for grip

placoid scale

cranial kinesis

hyostyly

tapetum lucidum

ampullae of Lorenzini

bioluminescence

biofluorescense

placoid

cosmoid

ganoid

cycloid

ctenoid

heterocercal

protocercal

homocercal

diphycercal

anguilliform

carangiiform

ostraciiform

heterothermy

gonochronism

protandry

protogyny

hermaprodism

epipelagic

mesopelagic

bathypelagic

benthic

protrusible jaws

pharyngeal jaws