nutrition 311 exam 1

archaea

unicellular prokaryote

bacteria

unicellular prokaryote

protista

unicellular eukaryote

fungi

uni or multicellular eukaryote

plantae

multicellular eukaryote

animalia

multicellular eukaryote

replication

DNA synthesis

transcription

RNA synthesis

translation

protein synthesis

prokaryotic cells

have internal matrix, cell wall, and duplication can occur in 20 minutes

eukaryotic cells

have nucleus and membrane-enclosed organelles

contents of animal cells

ribosome, peroxisome, cytoskeleton, lysosome, Golgi complex, nucleus, and mitochondria

lysosomes

membrane-enclosed organelle found in plant and animal cells; serve as the waste disposal system of the cell

peroxisome

important for membrane function for brain and lungs; general detoxifying function of the cell

endoplasmic reticulum

major site of synthesis for cell membrane proteins; in all eukaryotic cells besides RBC

rough endoplasmic reticulum

lined by ribosomes; site of protein synthesis

smooth endoplasmic reticulum

lacks ribosomes; functions in carbohydrate and lipid metabolism

Golgi apparatus

membrane-enclosed, modify and package molecules made in the endoplasmic reticulum

cytoplasm

highly viscous solution where many reactions take place

cytosol

part of cytoplasm not contained in intracellular membranes

cytoskeleton

consists of microtubules, actin filaments, and intermediate filaments; helps with cell shape, intracellular organization, intracellular transport paths, and cellular movement

actin filaments

form railroad like tracks throughout the cell; most abundant protein

microtubules

exist from the centromere; transports organelles

intermediate filaments

made of keratin; forms network surrounding the nucleus called the nuclear lamina

ionic interactions

electrostatic interactions between permanently charged species, or between the ion and a permanent dipole

dipole interactions

electrostatic interactions between uncharged, polar molecules

van der waals interactions

weak interactions between all atoms, regardless of polarity

monosaccharides

simplest sugar; polyhydroxy aldehydes or ketones

oligosaccharides

short chains of monosaccharides; joined by glycosidic bonds

polysaccharides

sugar polymers, 20 or more monosaccharide units

cellulose

linear chained polysaccharides

glycogen

branched chain polysaccharides

carbohydrate formula

(CH₂O)_n

isomers

same chemical formula but different structure

enantiomer

stereroisomers that are nonsuperimposable mirror images

diasteromers

stereoisomers that are not mirror images; have different physical properties

epimers

two sugars that differ only in the configuration around one carbon atom