Biology EOC Review

Organic Molecules

Carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, nucleic acids

Cell Functions

Roles and interactions of cellular components

Enzyme Function

Catalysts crucial in biological processes

Bioenergetic Reactions

Energy transformations in living organisms

Molecular Basis of Heredity

Genetic material transmission mechanisms

Patterns of Inheritance

Modes of genetic trait transmission

Genomics Impact

Influence of genetic research on society

Theory of Evolution

Concept explaining biodiversity changes

Classification of Organisms

Grouping living beings based on evolutionary links

Prokaryotic Organisms

Organisms with nuclear material not enclosed by a membrane-bound nucleus

Eukaryotic Kingdoms

Organisms with clearly defined nuclei and membrane-bound organelles

Dichotomous Keys

Identification keys used to classify organisms based on characteristics

Essential Life Functions

Processes like transport, excretion, respiration, and reproduction in organisms

Adaptations

Changes in organisms aiding survival and reproduction

Structural Adaptations

Physical changes in plants and animals for survival

Disease-Causing Microorganisms

Viruses and microorganisms leading to illnesses in organisms

Co-evolution

Mutual evolutionary influence between species

Ecological Relationships

Interactions among organisms in ecosystems

Abiotic Factors

Non-living components affecting ecosystems

Biotic Factors

Living components influencing ecosystems

Carrying Capacity

Maximum population size an environment can sustain

Trophic Levels

Positions in a food chain indicating energy transfer

Carbon Cycle

Movement of carbon through the environment

Photosynthesis

Process converting light energy into chemical energy in plants

Human Population Impact

Effects of human numbers on ecosystems and the environment

Climate Change

Long-term alteration in global weather patterns

Resource Use

Utilization of materials for sustenance and development

Hypothesis

Testable explanation for a scientific observation

Variables

Factors that can change in an experiment

Controls

Standards for comparison in scientific experiments

Sources of Error

Factors leading to inaccuracies in experimental results

Experimental Design

Plan outlining procedures for a scientific study

Descriptive Statistics

Summarizing data to highlight common features

Statistical Inference

Drawing conclusions from data using statistical analysis

Replication of Experiments

Repeating studies to validate results and ensure consistency

Diffusion

Movement from high to low concentration across the membrane

Osmosis

Specific diffusion of water across the membrane

Facilitated Transport

Use of carrier molecules for substance movement

Active Transport

Energy-requiring movement against concentration gradient

Endocytosis

Process of bringing large particles into the cell

Exocytosis

Process of expelling large particles from the cell

Homeostasis

Internal equilibrium regulated by the plasma membrane

Hypotonic

Solution causing water influx leading to cell bursting

Hypertonic

Solution causing water efflux leading to cell shrinkage

Isotonic

Solution with no net water movement, maintaining cell equilibrium

Negative Feedback

Regulation mechanism for glucose/insulin levels

Positive Feedback

Process involving blood platelets and clotting

Biochemical Reactions

Chemical reactions impacting life functions in organisms

Cellular Respiration

Conversion of food molecules to energy in cells

ATP

Molecule storing and releasing energy for cell functions

Fermentation

ATP production without oxygen; glucose breakdown

Aerobic Respiration

Energy release from glucose breakdown in oxygen presence

Anaerobic Respiration

Energy release from food breakdown without oxygen

Enzymes

Special proteins regulating biochemical reactions in cells

DNA Replication

Process where DNA makes an exact copy of itself

Protein Synthesis

The process of creating proteins from DNA instructions

Transcription

Conversion of DNA to mRNA

Translation

Conversion of mRNA into proteins

Gene Regulation

Control of gene expression in a cell

Sexual Reproduction

Reproduction involving the fusion of haploid sex cells

Asexual Reproduction

Reproduction without the fusion of sex cells

Dominant Traits

Genes that are expressed over recessive genes

Recessive Traits

Genes that are masked by dominant genes

Intermediate Traits

Traits that are a mix of dominant and recessive genes

Multiple Alleles

Presence of more than two alleles for a trait

Polygenic Inheritance

Inheritance pattern where multiple genes contribute to a trait

Sex-Linked Traits

Traits located on the sex chromosomes

Independent Assortment

Genes segregate independently during gamete formation

Test Cross

Crossing an individual with a homozygous recessive to determine genotype

Pedigrees

Family tree showing inheritance of traits over generations

Punnett Squares

Grid used to predict offspring genotypes

Genomics

Study of genomes and their functions

Biotechnology

Use of biological systems for technological advancements

Human Genome Project

Project to map all human genes

DNA Structure

Double helix composed of nucleotides

RNA Structure

Single-stranded nucleic acid involved in protein synthesis

Nucleotide Composition

Building blocks of DNA and RNA: sugar, phosphate, base

Codominance

Both alleles are fully expressed in the phenotype

Incomplete Dominance

Heterozygote phenotype is a blend of two homozygous phenotypes

Law of Dominance

Dominant alleles mask recessive alleles

Law of Segregation

Alleles segregate during gamete formation

Law of Independent Assortment

Genes separate independently during gamete formation

Mutations

Changes in genetic code passed to new cells or offspring

Dominance

Observed trait controlled by homozygous genotype

Recessive

Trait controlled by a recessive homozygous genotype

Crossing Over

Exchange of genes between chromosomes during meiosis

Nondisjunction

Failure of homologous chromosomes to separate in meiosis

Genetic Variation

Influenced by crossing over, mutations, and natural selection

Environmental Mutagens

External factors like radiation influencing gene expression

Karyotype

Visual display of an individual's chromosomes

Genetic Engineering

Transfer of genes between organisms for desired traits

Biogenesis

Living organisms arise from other living organisms

Spontaneous Generation

Mistaken belief that life can arise from nonliving matter

Natural Selection

Process where best-suited organisms survive and pass traits

Adaptation

Survival of organisms with best-suited traits

Evolution

Species change over time through natural selection

Microevolution

Evolution within a species due to genetic variation

Macroevolution

Evolution between different species over time

Convergent Evolution

Two species evolving similarly in different environments

Divergent Evolution

Group of species evolving differently over time