DNA TRANSCRIPTION/TRANSLATION

gly

GGU, GGC, GGA, GGG

arg

CGU, CGC, CGA, CGG, AGA, AGG

trp

UGG

cys

UGU, UGC

glu

GAA, GAG

asp

GAU, GAC

lys

AAA, AAG

asn

AAU, AAC

gln

CAA, CAG

his

CAU, CAC

Stop codons

UAA, UAG, UGA

tyr

UAU, AUC

ala

GCU, GCC, GCA, GCG

thr

ACU, ACC, ACA, ACG

pro

CCU, CCC, CCA, CCG

ser

UCU, UCC, UCA, UCG, AGU, AGC

val

GUU, GUC, GUA, GUG

Methianine

AUG

lle

AUU, AUC, AUA

leu

UUA, UUG, CUU, CUA, CUC, CUG

phe

UUU, UUC

Supercoiling

The over or under winding of a DNA strand

topoisomerase

Keeps the DNA from supercoiling

Okazaki fragments

Short, discontinuous strands at newly synthesized DNA that form on the lagging strand during DNA replication

1 RNA primer

How many primers does the leading strand need?

3’ to 5’

What direction is the lagging strand?

5’ to 3’

What direction is the leading strand?

Leading strand

Synthesized continuously in the same direction

Lagging strand

Needs multiple primers

Lagging strand

Strand synthesized during replication that must be made discontinuously in short fragments

Guanine diphosphate

Hydrolyzed GTP is called?

GTP

Energy currency for protein translation

Ligase

Forms a new chemical bond between 2 molecules, often by using the energy from ATP hydrolysis to link them together

DNA polymerase

Performs proofreading to correct errors

DNA polymerase

Enzyme that replicates and repairs DNA by synthesizing new DNA strands using deoxyribonucleoside triphosphates as building blocks

Primase

Starting points for DNA polymerase

Primase

RNA polymerase enzyme that synthesizes RNA primers - short, temporary RNA sequences - onto a DNA template

Binding protein

Binds to separated single DNA strands, preventing them from re-annealing and protecting them from degradation

Binding protein

Diverse group of proteins that can attach to specific molecules to perform essential cellular functions

Helicase

Unzips double stranded nucleic acids by breaking the hydrogen bonds between their base pairs

Sermiconservative replication

Results in 2 new DNA molecules, each consisting of one parent strand and a newly synthesized strand

Semiconservative replication

Mechanism of DNA replication where a double-stranded DNA molecule unwinds, and each original strand serves as a template for the synthesis of a new complementary strand

Bidirectionally

DNA replication goes to what direction?

Interphase

DNA replication happens before what?

Semiconservative

What kind of replication is DNA replication?

DNA replication

A cell makes an exact copy of its DNA before cell division (interphase)

tRNA

Acts as adaptors, carrying the amino acids and recognizing the mRNA codons

tRNA

Covalently linked with an amino acid

tRNA

Delivery truck while the amino acid is the cargo it’s designed to carry

tRNA

Attaches to a specific amino acids

Polypeptide

Chain of amino acids created from decoded mRNA

Ribosomes

Where does translation occur?

Translation

How a cell creates proteins by decoding mRNA into a specific sequence of amino acids

Non-template (Sense) strand

Serves as a blueprint for the mRNA sequence by having the same sequence as the final mRNA, with uracil replacing thymine

Termination sequence

In order to terminate, what does the RNA polymerase encounter?

3’ to 5’

RNA polymerase reads the DNA template from what direction?

5’ to 3’

mRNA is synthesized in what direction?

Template (antisense) and nontemplate (sense) strand

RNA polymerase unwinds the DNA double helix into 2 strands, what are they?

Transcription factor

Helps the RNA polymerase attach to the promoter

Promoter

Specific region of DNA where RNA polymerase attaches to

RNA polymerase

Doesn't need a primer

RNA polymerase

Enzyme that synthesizes RNA by copying a DNA sequence during the process of transcription

Transcription

Process where the genetic information encoded in a DNA sequence is copied into a mRNA molecule by enzyme RNA polymerase

Cell cycle

Cell replication happens before what?

Cell replication

Biological process where a cell duplicates its genetic material and then divides to form 2 identical daughter cells

Watson and Crick

Who proposed the central dogma?

Central dogma

States that genetic information flows from DNA to RNA (via transcription) and from RNA to protein (translation)

X-ray diffraction

Uses x-ray beams to produce a pattern of scattered x-rays when they hit a DNA crystal

James Watson & Francis Crick (1953)

Stole Rosalind Franklin’s work and established it as their own

X-ray diffraction

Used by Rosalind Franklin to take photo 51

Photom 51

First picture of the double helix structure of DNA

Rosalind Franklin (1951-1953)

Took a picture of the double helix structure of DNA using x-ray diffraction

Friedrich Miescher (1869)

Extracted the substance from the nuclei of white blood cells

Nuclein

First crude purification of DNA in the pus found in surgical bandages

Friedrich Miescher (1869)

Identified nuclein

Uridylate

Nucleotide of uracil in RNA

Uridine

Nucleoside of uracil in RNA

Thymidylate or deoxythymidylate

Nucleotide/nucleoside of thymine in DNA

Deoxycytidylate

Nucleotide of cytosine in DNA

Deoxycytidine

Nucleoside of cytosine in DNA

Cytidylate

Nucleotide of cytosine in RNA

Cytidine

Nucleoside of cytosine in RNA

Deoxyguanylate

Nucleotide of guanine in DNA

Deoxyguanosine

Nucleoside of guanine in DNA

Guanylate

Nucleotide of guanine in RNA

Guanosine

Nucleoside of guanine in RNA

Deoxyadenylate

Nucleotide of adenine in DNA

Deoxyadenosine

Nucleoside of adenine in DNA

Adenosine

Nucleoside of adenine in RNA

Adenylate

Nucleotide of adenine in RNA

Nucleoside

Has no phosphate group

nucleoside

Molecule composed of a nitrogenous base and 5 carbon sugar

Antiparallelism

1 strand run in the 5’ to 3’ direction, while the other runs in the 3’ to 5’ direction

Antiparallelism

Opposite chemical orientation of its 2 complementary strand

DNA

Antiparallelism occurs in what nucleic acid?

5’ end

Phosphate group attached to the 5th carbon of the sugar

3’ end

Characterized by the free hydroxyl (-OH) group on the 3 carbon of the sugar ring of the last nucleotide

3 H bonds

How many hydrogen bonds to cytosine and guanine have?

2 H bonds

How many hydrogen bonds do adenine and thymine/uracil have?

Nitrogenous bases

Rungs of the DNA ladder