JOUR 1002 Midterm Review

Who was Nellie Bly?

An investigative journalist who went undercover in a mental asylum and exposed the horrible treatment patients suffered there.

Organize terms by which was invented first: ideograph, phonetics, pictographs

Earliest to latest— pictographs, ideographs, phonetics

Who invented the printing press?

Johannes Gutenberg (think Gutenberg Press)

What was the first Daily Newspaper called?

The Daily Courant

What is muckraking?

Muckraking is investigative journalism aimed at exposing corruption and social injustices.

How did Benjamin Franklin influence early journalism?

Advocacy for free press, writing under pseudonym "Silence Dogood" with distinctive wit as a teenager, owned Pennsylvania Gazette

**What is FREE press?

Press as a whole is a forum for debate, but individual publications and editors are allowed/encouraged to be polarizing and take a side

**What is OPEN press?

Focuses on the simple freedom to share your thoughts publicly. The publication should be unbiased as a whole, not too inflammatory, and everybody's opinions should be included equally

Who was Sam Adams? (as relevant to this class)

Founded the Sons of Liberty, sent reports to other cities through the Journal of Occurrences, generally an outspoken patriot

Who was Thomas Paine and what did he do?

Wrote Common Sense, which was written in plain language (not in fancy lawyerly terms). Fell from grace for criticizing religion

Adams and Paine were patriots, but...?

They often twisted facts, lied, gave incorrect reports, and spread propaganda. Makes them great patriots, but dishonest patriots

What was the Party Press?

The rise of partisan news. Regarded as the "Dark Ages" of partisan journalism... full of corruption, assaults, scurrility

Benjamin Franklin Bache?

Strong anti-Federalist journalist who devoted his news columns to a virulent campaign against Federalists politicians.

Alien and Sedition Acts

Acts passed by federalists giving the government power to imprison or deport foreign citizens and prosecute critics of the government. Was allowed to expire in 1801 because the federalists were strongly criticized for it

Ethel Payne

"First Lady of the Black Press". Wrote letters and was recognized as a talented writer. Fearless journalist and black activist

Elijah Lovejoy

Murdered by a mob for his writings about slavery. Martyr of free speech and aboliton

Samuel Cornish

African American who co-founded Freedom's Journal, the first African American newspaper, in New York City

William Loyd Garrison

important abolitionist leader who founded abolitionist newspaper, the Liberator; cofounded the New England Antislavery Society

3 Factors Critical in the Development of the American Press

Technology, Press Freedom, Public Service

Impact of the telegram?

Direct, quick news... pushed new style of writing with leads that summarize the news

What effect did the Civil War have on journalism

Modern war correspondence driven by new tech (telegraph)

Christopher Daly three themes

Three themes: advocacy, expose, reporting.

Who was Christopher Daly?

Associated Press guy?

True or false? Early American journalism was mostly confined to the "reporting" tradition.

FALSE— a lot of that was Patriot Press, which was more propaganda than anything

Were most colonial publishers postmasters?

No, they were printers. Controlled printing presses

The first colonial newspaper printed for one year before it was shut down was called...?

Publick Occurences

Were the rights of a "free press" guaranteed from the start in America?

Nope. That's why there was so much advocacy for it

Oldest continually publishing newspaper is in Connecticut. What's it called?

Hartford Currant

Silence Dogood?

Ben Franklin's pen name. Needed anonymity. A characteristic of the Patriot Press was one person pretending to be multiple to really garner more attention

John Peter Zenger

Arrested for seditious libel. Paper criticized William Cosby, and his case established "truth as a defense to libel"— meaning that Huge for press freedom.

James Franklin's newspaper:

The New-England Courant. Wrote anti-colonial criticism

Who invented:

- Writing

- Paper

- Alphabet

- Printing Press

- Telegraph

Sumerians, Chinese, Phonecians, Johannes Gutenberg (in Germany), Samuel Morse (United States)

How did steam powered printing affect the news?

Made it more efficient to produce mass newspapers

William Randolph Hearst, Joseph Pulitzer

Yellow journalism. Rivals.

5 freedoms protected in the first amendment?

Religion, speech, press, assembly, petition (petition to government for redress of grievances... ask that the government address injustice without fear of punishment).

First two political parties were formed around who and who?

Alexander Hamilton (Federalists) and Thomas Jefferson (Antifederalists)

Hamilton and Jefferson press scandals:

Hamilton's affair, Jefferson sleeping with slave (Sally Hemings)

Penny press characteristics:

Sensational articles (moon man-bats), cheap newspapers, early crime reporting, growth of cities caused it to flourish, appealed to working class

When was the Party Press era? Who were some key players?

1780- 1830. Key players: Alexander Hamilton, Thomas Jefferson, Benjamin Franklin Bache (BF's grandson— strong antifederalist)

When was the Penny Press era? Who were some key players?

1830s.

Benjamin Day (founder of New York Sun, first penny press paper)

Horace Greeley (New York Tribune, man bats)

Henry Raymond (New York Times)

James Gordon Bennett (New York Herald)

What was the Associated Press originally?

Nonprofit wire service, wanted only objective reporting and conciseness out of reporting

What is the documentary "Soldiers Without Swords" about?

....

What is "Citizen Kane" about?

....

When was the yellow journalism era? What was it characterized by?

1895-1905. Sensationalism,

Key players in yellow journalism era?

William Randolph Hearst, Joseph Pulitzer,

Ida Tarbell?

Exposed Rockefeller's mistreatment of workers.

Name some muckrakers

Ida Tarbell, Upton Sinclair (meatpacking), Thomas Nast (cartoonist that exposed Boss Tweed), Ida B Well (anti-lynching)

Papers of the Party Press

Papers of the Penny Press

Papers of the Black Press

Papers of the Patriot Press

Jacob Riis?

Photographer in the Progressive Era of journalism. Exposed life in the tenements... "How the other half lives"

When was the Progressive Era of journalism (muckraking)?

1890s-1920s

Who founded the Chicago Defender?

Robert Abbott

First political cartoon?

Join or Die. About unifying the colonies. Ben Franklin, in the Pennsylvania Gazette

Who was Boss Tweed?

Corrupt governor of New York in the mid 1800's. Stole money HELLA