AP Bio - Unit 9

Reproduction

Why do unicellular organisms (Prokaryotes) perform cell division

Binary Fission

What is cell division performed for reproduction called?

2

How many cells are produced from mitosis?

Identical

Are the cells produced from mitosis identical or different?

DNA Replication

What important process occurs during the S phase?

Sometimes

Can cells exit the cell cycle and reenter?

G0

If cells exit the cell cycle what stage are the entering?

Centrosomes spread to opposite sides of the cell. Chromatin condenses to chromosomes

What occurs during the first stage of mitosis, Prophase?

Chromosome centromeres move to the middle of the cell

What occurs during the second stage of mitosis, Metaphase?

Sister Chromatids separate and go to opposite ends

What occurs during the third stage of mitosis, Anaphase?

New nuclei began to form around the chromosomes on each side

What occurs during the fourth stage of mitosis, Telophase?

Cytokinesis

What is the last step of mitosis when cytoplasm splits as the cell membrane pinches it apart?

Anaphase

When does the cell membrane pinching begin?

Cleavage Furrow

What is formed during cytokinesis in an animal cell?

Cell Plate

What is formed during cytokinesis in a plant cell?

Apoptosis and Cancer

What are two things that can result from the cell cycle?

Uncontrolled cell growth

What is occurring with cells when they're cancerous?

Cell Death

What is occurring with cells during apoptosis?

To stop the cell momentarily until it receives the "go"-signal that it's met its requirements

What are the purposes of checkpoints in the cell cycle?

It's the go signal for whether or not the cell will continue in the cell cycle or exit to G0

Why is the G1 checkpoint most important?

Checks for damaged DNA

What does G2 checkpoint do?

Checks for full chromosome attachment

What does M checkpoint do?

To heal and grow

Why do multicellular organisms use mitosis?

Somatic Cells

What are non-reproductive cells called?

Gametes

What are reproductive cells called?

Interphase (start), Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase, and Cytokinesis.

What are the six steps of mitosis in order?

Interphase

What step is about 90% of the cell cycle?

Meiosis

What is the variation of cell division that produces gametes called?

4

How many daughter cells are formed from meiosis?

Non-Identical

Are the daughter cells formed from meiosis identical or non-identical?

Mitotic (M) Phase

What is the name of the phase of the cell cycle where mitosis and cytokinesis occur?

signaling molecules

The cell cycle is driven by specific __________ _________ present in the cytoplasm

Different

Does each phase have the same or different signaling molecules?

Cyclins

What is the progression through the cell cycle and checkpoints are mediated by?

Cyclins

What binds to CDKs to activate them?

Enzymes that phosphorylate proteins to activate or deactivate them

What are CDKs?

Density-Dependent Inhibition

What is the external signal called where crowded cells stop dividing?

Anchorage Dependence

What do most animal cells exhibit so that they must be attached to a substratum in order to divide?

No

Do cancer cells require growth factors (external signals) to grow and divide?

Transformation

What is the process called in which a normal cell is converted to cancerous?