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Glycolipid
made out of a lipid and a carbohydrate, it has a structure of one or two fatty acids combined with a mono/oligosaccharide group connected to a sphingolipid or glycerol group backbone
Fatty Acid Chains (in glycolipids)
attached to the backbone
Carbohydrate group (in glycolipids)
gives its hydrophilic property; extends out from the cell membrane to the extracellular space
Properties of Glycolipids
amphipatic, forms bilayer, the hydrophilic carbohydrate portion faces the extracellular environment, non-saponifiable
Functions of Glycolipids
make up 3% of the outer layer of the cell membrane
membrane stability
formation of glycocalyx
regulate cell growth
determine blood type
receptor on surface of red blood cells
identify and eliminate pathogen
Glycosphingolipids
Sphingolipid with at least one sugar molecule attached to the ceramide
Cerebrosides
has a single sugar molecule; found in the brain and peripheral nervous tissue, serve as insulators and a protective coating
Gangliosides
neutral compounds with sialic acid residues, has an oligosaccharide, major component of animal cell membrane, especially in the neurons
Glyceroglycolipids
made out of glycerol, fatty acids, carbohydrates and seen in chloroplasts, eukaryotic algae, and cyanobacteria
Glycosylphosphatidylinositols
composed of carbohydrates, lipids, and phosphates lipid anchors in the cell membrane of eukaryotic cells and remodel the cell wall polymers in fungi
Tay-Sachs Disease | Cause and Effect
Caused by deficiency in the enzyme hexosaminidase A and leads to build up of GM2 gangliosides in nerve cells
Tay-Sachs Disease | Symptoms
Progressive neurodegeneration, including muscle weakness, loss of motor skills, and eventually severe cognitive impairment and paralysis
Gaucher Disease | Cause and Effect
Caused by mutations in the GBA gene, leading to deficiency of the enzyme glucocerebrosidase and accumulation of it in various organs
Gaucher Disease | Symptoms
Enlargement of the liver and spleen (hepatosplenomegaly), bone pain and fractures, anemia, and fatigue.
Fabry Disease | Cause and Effect
Caused by deficiency in the enzyme alpha-galactosidase A and buildup of globotriaosylceramide in blood vessels and tissues
Fabry Disease | Symptoms
Pain, particularly in the hands and feet, skin rashes, kidney dysfunction, heart problems, and increased risk of stroke.
Krabbe Disease | Cause and Effect
Caused by deficiency in the enyzme galactocerebrosidase leading to the accumulation of galactosylceramide that destroys myelin, the protective covering of nerve cells
Krabbe Disease | Symptoms
Severe neurological symptoms, including developmental delays, muscle stiffness, irritability, feeding difficulties, progressive loss of motor skills and cognitive functions, often leading to early death
