REVS - Continuity + Change

Patriots [Continuity - continued to act in accordance with values]

[Change - increased representation]

• Continuity: [continued to act in accordance to values]

• DOL+LAOP [80] - support revo cause pre and during → governed by ‘republican mother’ and femme covert ideals + continued to act in defiance to of legislative oppression- SOL + BTP → SR debtors court [80% WM - 9000] 

• Change:[Increased representation]

• TOP [83] → removes PA - allows westward expansion [13-24 - 1821] + Constitution C+B - legislative [4 year term - relied on congress to declare war - A1,S1,2,4] → legislative [house of rep - elected every two years - senate 6 year term - A1,S1,3] → juridical [congress ability to impeach justice A1,S2] + BOR - protected individual + state lib 9/10 amendment - amendment 1 - freedom of speech, religion, press…

Loyalist

• Continuity - VIA TOP

• Change - TEST, CONSFICATION,AOA,BA]

• Continuity: [via TOP] 

• Article 5 [estates, rights and properties which have been confiscated from britain subjugation] article 6 [there shall be no future confiscations made] → move out of US [15% flee to other british colonies] + Burke advocated for loyalist rights - patriots should “show respect for the rights of loyalist” - attempted to create a amnesty bill following the SC confiscation Act[82]

• Changes:[Test, Confiscation act, acts of attainder, banishment act]

• Became "marginalized and persecuted” [B+T] - coerced land to state - burning of lorings house 1774 + tar and feathering of Malicom - Test Act [78] Loyalist to dispose of property or be executed

• Confiscation acts [76-80] seized loyalist property - with “no legal recourse or appeal” [Coleman] → Acts of Attanier [84] declared loyalist guilty of crimes, subject to punishment without trial - violation NR → Banishment Act [78] as many 100,000 loyalist leave

Army Soldiers

CONTINUITY: Hardship + Sacrifice 

CHANGE: Denied payment + economic problems/Rebellion/result 

• Continuity - Hardship + sacrifice

• Hardship - frequent desertion - W@VF - exposed fragility of AOC - 10200 drops ⅛ died at VF

• Change - denied payment + economic problems /rebillion → result 

•  Denied; 1778 soldiers promised 80 pounds + 100 acres - AOC congress unable to uphold promises → as a result economic problems; 90% inflation rate - states printed more money [14 currencies], 1/10 pre war value, 422/5 81, trade “complex and expensive affair” - more expensive..

• Rebillion; PLM - 400 soldiers protest unpaid wages → NC[83] - 500 march congress philly - born mounting frustration inability to supply CA = SHAYS [9000 peak - 1000 rebels] “overthrow present constitution

• Result: Militia Act [86] + Riot Act [86] - enabled government to jail and liable to court material - inflaming socioeconomic woes 

Women 

Continuity: Marriage + Politically invisible 

Change: Feminism 

• Continuity: marriage/politically invisible

•  Marriage; remained an uneven contract - divorce required bill - feme covert - women's rights subsumed into husbands 

• “Remained politically invisible” [Zinn] - unable to hold office or enroll in tertiary education - VR → 50/50 voting requirement not even represented through husbands - surrender land to husband upon marriage - republican mother [domestic sphere] 

• Change: feminism

• “Planted the seeds of women for change” [Stanton]

• Revo war contribution - Homespun movement + DOL + non importation agreements - inspiring - continued by LAOP [80] - 300 compared to 422 CA fund 80-81] 

• Hannah Snell and Sally St Claire, masked gender → paved Murray's ‘Equality of the sexes’ + Abigail Adams ‘Remember the ladies’ - equality inheritance for all children, single women who fit requirements could vote . 

Natives

Continuity - Politically unrepresented 

Change - destruction of land 

• Continuity: [politically unrepresented] 

• “Excluded from benefits of the new society” [B+T]

• ‘Merciless indian savages’ [DOI] + foreign nations clause [A1,S8] - excluded them legal protection - allowed westward expansion - [TOP - PA] - 

• Change: [destruction of land]

• Want to use land for economic and westward expansion → 1.5 billion acres of land over the next century→ 1781 Brit exported 21 million pounds of native grown tobacco + 1801 ½ US exports cotton = expanding agriculture and states 13-24 in 1823 

AA - Continuity; socio political + socio economic

Change; Socio economic [slavery not abolished]

Politically [lack of AR

socio political [protection from expansion] 

• Continuity [socio political + socio economic]

• “Paradoxily deepened the suffering of African Americans" [Berlin]

• Socio-political: continued crucial part of the economy - 450-625 [92%] - 800 1800 - cotton 16% of exports 1800 + 50% 1801 - southern dependence for economic welfare - 20 years shorter life expectancy - 6 day working week - 12 hour days - despite ‘all men created equal’ paradox ⅗ clause [A1,S2]

• Socio-economic; not fair compensation for war - 25$ per slave - promised freedom for service - slave owners benefited - continuity in unfair treatment

• Change [socio economic- political - socio political]

• Change regard to legal enshrinement of discrimination, however some promise to stop westward expansion

• Socio-economic: slavery not abolished till 1808 - sunset clause [A1, S9] prohibiting restrictions on imports of slaves till 1808 due to southern dependence → north complacent to southern needs → despite ‘All men..’ "obvious contradiction to the revolution ideology” [B+T] - liberty AR etc

• Politically: lack of AR - no ability to hold public office - abolished in MAS 83 - Rhode island creates 1st regiment of solely AA - Lord Dunmore's Proclamation [75] - promise of freedom to any slave that fought - ⅗ clause [A1,S2] recognised ⅗ of human for taxation + rep

• Socio-political: protection from expansion - NWO restricted expansion of slavery westward - Pen abolishment 85 - work in tandem - positive effect - yet overshadowed ‘Fugitive slave clause’ [A4,S2] - legal enshrinement “deepened the suffering of african americans” [Ravoke]

Nobles + bourgies 

Continuity [Political + Socio economic]

Change [Promise of classes utopia introduced political reform]

• CONTINUITY: [Political + socio economic]

• Politically; 230 land /60 peasants /125 industrial → 1% pop 68% vote - forced to “turn increasingly to terror” [Figes] - openly repress and eliminate opposition parties → Bol nomenklatura emerge as societal elite - benefits, such as housing/healthcare - 

• Socio-Economic: State Cap [17-27] - many companies remained privatised - Bourgeoisies remain managing smaller businesses + NEP [1921-27] - “very clear how much of the old world had survived” [Fitzpatrick] - capitalist free trade returned + incentive to produce returned [end of requisition]- 50m tonnes [21]→ 72.5 [25] - kulaks prominence + return of selling surplused goods..

• CHANGE: Promise of Classless Utopia introduced political reform

• Decree on abolitionment of estates + Decree on land [1917] - handing land back to the peasantry 

• Decree on private ownership - right to own large estates abolished, properties to be shared

• Decree on workers control - factories under workers committees not bourgies and upper class

• Dissolution of Constituent Assembly - removed the 1% - 68% vote - removal of democratically elected body

Peasants Continuity: Poltically unrepresented + socioeconomic

Change: education, grain requisition, kulak laws

1. Peasants - C+ C

• CONTINUITY - politically unrepresented + socio-economic

• POL unrepresented: Tsar EL - college system - deliberately complex = increased upper class majority - 1%/68% - 260/60/125 → CONTINUES in disillusionment of CA - “the most representative political body in russian history” [Mal] - 47/80m - 42% SR - 23.6%BOl  - lacking pop mandate = unrepresentative

• Socio-Economic: Stolypin reforms [1906-11] - ‘de-revolutionize the peasantry’, establishment of land bank, ‘wager on the strong’ = peasants buy land and prosper → Decree on Land [17] - Tsar/church/nobles hand over land to peasants + NEP short term success - grain harvest x2 35.4 million tonnes coals - stop grain requisitions and increase private ownership = benefit Kulaks 

• CHANGE - Education and literacy + Grain requisitioning + Kulak Laws 

• Education + lit; the literacy rate, which was a mere 28.6% in 1897, rose to 58% by 1923, following the establishment of standardised schooling and the Literacy Cheka (Likpunkty) → “many parents…gave welcome to the Bolshevik Party’s new projects” [Service], highlighting how education became both a tool of emancipation and ideological consolidation. + 33,000 libraries + >6 million books

• Grain Requisitions: Marginalised by WC policies - Red Guard forcibly requisition of grain - Blaming Kulaks - "requisition of grain by force” [Figes] - loss of capitalistic incentive to produce - 20-21 - 50% of 13 levels

Kulak Laws: blamed for price rises/shortages - Cheka sent to terrorise Kulaks - food supply again fell [bread rations 50g per person] - compromise of revo ideals - 20-21 50% of 1913 levels = Famine - 9.5 + 60% agriculture - 30% coal - 14% industrial.

Workers - continuity: poltically unreprsented + economic remain capitalist exploitation

• change; workers decree + education

1. Workers - C+C

• CONTINUITY - politically unrepresented + economic remain capitalist exploitation 

• POL unrepresented: Tsar EL - college system - deliberately complex = increased upper class majority - 1%/68% - 260/60/125 → CONTINUES in disillusionment of CA - “the most representative political body in russian history” [Mal] - 47/80m - 42% SR - 23.6%BOl  - lacking pop mandate = unrepresentative

• ECO remind cap exploitation: Witte [12hr/60hr/real wages ¼] → WC - [coal production 30%/ag 60%/indus 14%] - centralised economic control + grain requisition [50g per person/20-21 50% of grain production = capitalist incentive lost] = Famine [9.5] → NEP short term success [grain harvest x2 + coal production 35.4 million tons] YET increase in private ownership, benefit wealthy  

• CHANGE - Workers decree + education and literacy 

• Workers decree: change 12hr/60hr → 8hr day/48hr week - rules over overtime + holidays + Labor code etc

• Education + lit; the literacy rate, which was a mere 28.6% in 1897, rose to 58% by 1923, following the establishment of standardised schooling and the Literacy Cheka (Likpunkty) → “many parents…gave welcome to the Bolshevik Party’s new projects” [Service], highlighting how education became both a tool of emancipation and ideological consolidation. + 33,000 libraries + >6 million books 

Women Continuity; poltically unrepresented 

Change Prevalence in political climate 

1. Women - C+C

• CONTINUITY: - Politically Unrepresented

• Tsar EL - college system - deliberately complex = increased upper class majority - 1%/68% - 260/60/125 → CONTINUES in disillusionment of CA - “the most representative political body in russian history” [Mal] - 47/80m - 42% SR - 23.6%BOl  - lacking pop mandate = unrepresentative - Decree on One Party Unity [21] - Zhenodel ordered women's unions to be abandoned + effects of CW encouraged traditional gender roles 

• CHANGE - Prevalence in political climate 

• following Decree on Marriage + divorce → simplified procedures + ensured mutual consent → labor code - protected pregnant workers rights + mandated breast feeding breaks → establishment of Zhentoli + appointment of Kol - new found gov focus womens emancipation - Lenin himself - eradicated ‘domestic slav’ women as central to socialist project - "activating women to ignite and unit the regime” [Malone]