ENTM 10 SPRING 2025 — Lecture Topic 2: Origins and Relatives

Taxonomy

The science of naming, defining, and classifying organisms into groups based on shared characteristics.

Carolus Linnaeus

The 'father of taxonomy,' who developed the system of binomial nomenclature.

Binomial nomenclature

A biological naming system consisting of two parts; the first indicating the genus and the second indicating the species.

Systema Naturae

A publication by Linnaeus that laid the foundation for modern taxonomy.

Hierarchical system

A system that places organisms in relation to each other, structured as Kingdom → Phylum → Class → Order → Family → Genus → Species.

Phylogeny

The evolutionary history of a species or group.

Phylogenesis

The origin and diversification of a group of organisms through evolution.

Monophyletic group

A group that includes a common ancestor and all its descendants.

Polyphyletic group

A group that does not include the most recent common ancestor of all members.

Phylum Arthropoda

A phylum that includes invertebrates with jointed limbs and segmented bodies.

Subphylum Trilobitomorpha

Extinct marine arthropods distinguished by their three-lobed body structure.

Subphylum Chelicerata

A subphylum including spiders, scorpions, and horseshoe crabs, characterized by two body regions: cephalothorax and abdomen.

Chelicerae

First appendages of chelicerates, used primarily for feeding.

Pedipalp

The second pair of appendages in chelicerates, functioning in sensory, reproductive, or prey handling roles.

Subphylum Crustacea

A subphylum including crabs, lobsters, and shrimp, mostly aquatic and characterized by having gills for respiration.

Subphylum Myriapoda

A subphylum that includes millipedes and centipedes, characterized by many paired legs.

Class Diplopoda

The class under Myriapoda that contains millipedes, known for having two pairs of legs per segment.

Class Chilopoda

The class under Myriapoda containing centipedes, known for having one pair of legs per segment.

Subphylum Hexapoda

A subphylum meaning 'six legs,' including insects and related classes.

Class Entognatha

A class within Hexapoda that may be polyphyletic, encompassing Protura, Diplura, and Collembola.

Class Insecta

The class within Hexapoda characterized by three major body regions: head, thorax, abdomen.

Benefits of eating bugs

Insects provide high protein content, low environmental impact, nutritional diversity, rapid reproduction, and high feed-conversion efficiency.

Organic side streams

Processes that reduce environmental impact associated with insect farming by utilizing by-products and waste.

Greenhouse Gas Emissions (GHGs)

Insect farming generally emits less GHGs and ammonia than traditional livestock farming.

Animal welfare issues

Insect farming typically poses few or no welfare issues compared to conventional animal agriculture.

Zoonotic diseases

Diseases caused by germs that can spread between animals and people, with insects posing a low risk for transmission.

Respiratory structures in Chelicerata

Book lungs (or book gills), used for gas exchange.

Antennae in Crustacea

Crustaceans have two pairs of antennae.

Eyes in Chelicerata

Usually simple eyes (ocelli), occasionally compound.

Leg structure in Myriapoda

Many paired legs per body segment.

Habitat of Crustacea

Mostly aquatic, inhabiting marine and freshwater environments.