bio final

directional

selection for one extreme

stabilizing

selection for the median

disruptive

selection for both extremes

allopatric speciation

Barriers split populations.
Populations face different environments
Natural selection leads to different results.

sympatric speciation

no geographical speciation

pre and postzygotic barriers

how are different species prevented from mating with each other

prezygotic

before fertilization

postzygotic

after fertilization

hybrid variability

the hybrid is weak or dies early

reduced hybrid fertility

the hybrid can’t have kids

hybrid breakdown

Later generations of hybrids are weak or sterile.

taxonomy

the scientific practice of classifying biological diversity

taxa

any named group of organisms (ex. a species)

nodes

where linages diverge

..

basal taxon

.

sister taxa

clade

A group of taxa that encompasses all members descended
from a common ancestor (ex. primates)

monophyletic

Includes a common ancestor and ALL of its
descendants

polyphyletic

Includes organisms and no common ancestor

paraphyletic

Includes a common ancestor and SOME of its
descendants

parsimony principle

simple explanations are preferred over more
complicated ones.

less evolutionary steps are better than more steps to explain relationships. The tree with the least number of steps is the most parsimonious.

what does parsimony have to do with phylogenic trees

the red queen hypothesis

why is sexual reproduction so common?

last universal common ancestor

what does LUCA stand for

bryophytes

what are mosses, hornworts, and liverworts?

eukaryotic signature proteins

what did the asgard archaeans produce?

Highly acidic or saline environments

Which environment is most commonly associated with known archaean species?

paraphyletic eukaryotes

Which is true regarding the classification of protists?

shallow freshwater with sunlight

where did ancient charophytes like to live?

gametophyte

Which Bryophyte generation will be haploid?

xylem

water

phloem

sugar and nutrients

The gametophyte generation is dependent on the sporophyte

Which is dependent on the other in Gymnosperms?

monecious

both male and female

dioecious

have male and female parts of separate plants

anther

produces pollen

stamen

made of anther and filament (male)

filament

supports anther

pistil

made of stigma and style (female)

style

connects stigma to ovary

stigma

receives pollen

nitrogen

An environment poor in which nutrient may lead to fungi adapted to carnivory?

dikaryotic

two nuclei

diploblast

two gem layers

triploblast

3 germ layers

Pathogen pressure forces C. elegans to mate with others

what does the red queen hypothesis have to do with C. elegans?

externally digesting, chitin in cell walls

what are the general traits of eukaryotes?

yeast

unicellular and has pseudohyphae

mycelium

collection of hypha

septum

divide cells

vascular tissues

transport water between roots and shoots

vascular plants

what type of plant is more able to colonize terrestrial habitats?

bacteria and archaea

what are the two main groups of prokaryotes?

anaerobic

What type of metabolism is associated with Asgard archaea?

chloroplasts

What did cyanobacteria become?

animals fungi and plants

Which three major groups evolved from aerobic eukaryotes?

parazoa

lack of defined tissue types

eumetazoa

defined tissue types

diploblast

two germ layers

triploblast

3 germ layers

Dorsal, hollow nerve cord

top right

notochord

top left

Pharyngeal pouch/slits

bottom right

post anal tail

bottom left

germline

what type of mutation is defined by its ability to be passed
on genetically via Meiotic reproduction?

frameshift

Which word refers specifically to the type of mutation which involves the addition or deletion of a nucleotide?

missense mutation

A mutation which results in a different protein being produced

nonsense mutation

A mutation which fails to produce a protein

silent mutation

A mutation which still produces the intended protein

allele, population

Evolution describes the change in ___________ frequencies in a ________________

homologues structures

Similar structures in related organisms which results from common ancestry.

fishers model

female mate choice and male ornamentation advantage

Zahavi’s model

The sexual dimorphism is an honest signal of genetic quality

gas exchange and increased weight on limbs

What issues do we have moving from sea to land?