Sports med

Lower extremity

Hip, thigh, knee, lower leg, ankle & foot

Pelvic Girdle

Bony structure of the pelvis

Femoral Artery

The major artery supplying the leg

Osteitis Pubis

Repeated stress to the pubic symphysis (cartilage connecting the front of the pubic bones together)

ACL tear

Ligament in the front of the knee; Most commonly happens due to torsion (twisting) or an anterior blow to the knee

Stress Fractures

Caused by repeated stress of overuse of the structure.

Femur

Thigh bone; Largest and strongest bone in the body

Patella

Kneecap; Sesamoid bone (surrounded by ligaments)

Gluteals

Muscles of the posterior hip (buttocks); Gluteus Maximus, Gluteus Medius & Gluteus Minimis; Extension and lateral rotation of the thigh at the hip joint

Quadriceps Muscle Group

A muscle group consisting of 4 muscles located on the front of the thigh; Rectus Femoris, Vastus Medialis, Vastus Lateralis & Vastus Intermedius

Hamstring Muscle Group

A muscle group consisting of 3 muscles on the back of the thigh; Biceps Femoris, Semitendinosus & Semimembranosus

Sartorious

Located diagonally across the front of the thigh; Flexes both the hip and knee, and laterally rotates the leg

Range of Motion (ROM) Testing

Measurement of the amount of movement allowed in a joint

Adduction

Movement toward the midline of the body

Abduction

Movement away from the midline of the body

Flexion

Bending a joint; Decreasing the angle of the joint

Extension

Straightening of a joint; Increasing the angle of the joint

Hyperextension

The extreme or overextension of a limb, joint or body part beyond its normal limit.

Dislocation (Luxation)

Displacement of a bone from its joint

Subluxation

Partial dislocation of a joint

Contusion

A bruise; Most common area on the lower extremity is the quadriceps

Sprain

Injury to a ligament

Strain

A condition resulting from damaging a muscle or tendon

Bursitis

Inflammation of a bursa usually caused by a blow or friction; Can occur in any synovial joint (hip, knee, shoulder, elbow, etc)

Synovitis

Inflammation of synovial membrane; Can occur in any synovial joint (hip, knee, shoulder, elbow, etc)

Knee Joint

Hinge joint; Femur connects to the Tibia and Fibula with the Patella anterior

Tibia

Larger bone of the lower leg; Shin bone

Fibula

The lateral & smaller bone of the lower leg

Collateral Ligaments of the Knee

MCL and LCL; Help to prevent side-to-side movements

Cruciate Ligaments of the Knee

ACL & PCL; Cross over each other; Provide additional support and help to avoid hyperextension

ACL of the knee

Anterior Cruciate Ligament; Front of knee joint; 2nd most injured ligament of the knee

MCL of the knee

Medial Collateral Ligament the knee; Inside of knee joint; Most injured ligament of the knee

PCL of the knee

Posterior Cruciate Ligament; Back of knee joint

LCL of the knee

Lateral Collateral Ligament; Outside of knee joint

Patellar Ligament

Ligament that connects the Tibia to the Quadriceps Tendon; Patella is in middle

Peroneals

Pair of muscles located on the anterior side of the tibia; Assist with dorsiflexion and eversion of the foot

Tibialis Anterior

Muscle located on the anterior side of the lower leg; Assists in dorsiflexion and inversion of the foot

Dorsiflexion

Bending of the foot or the toes upward towards the shin

Plantar Flexion

Bending of the sole of the foot by curling the toes toward the ground

Inversion

Turning the sole of the foot inward

Eversion

Turning the sole of the foot outward

Soleus

Muscle on the posterior side of the lower leg, under the Gastrocnemius; Allows for plantar flexion of the ankle/foot

Gastrocnemius

Calf muscle; Allows for flexion of the knee and plantar flexion of the foot

Popliteal Artery

Artery that runs behind the knee; Originally stems from the Femoral Artery

Principal nerves of the lower extremity

Lateral Cutaneous Nerve, Femoral Nerve & Sciatic Nerve

Sciatica

Inflammation of the sciatic nerve usually due to compression; Commonly occurs from a herniated disk, bone spur or narrowing of the spine

Sciatic Nerve

Nerve extending from the base of the spine down the thigh, lower leg & foot; Located on the posterior side of the thigh within the gluteal muscles

Patellar Fracture

Rare but possible fracture of the kneecap

Most common sprained ligament in the knee

Medial Collateral Ligament (MCL)

Second most common sprained ligament in the knee

Anterior Cruciate Ligament (ACL)

Causes of MCL Sprain

Lateral force, resulting in a valgus (knock-knee) stress on the knee

Causes of ACL Sprain

Torsion (twisting) or an anterior blow to the knee

ACL Injury Statistics

53% of ACL injuries in women's sports occur playing soccer; Majority (over 70%) of ACL injuries in men's sports occur playing football (only 7% are soccer)

Meniscus

C-shaped piece of tough, rubbery cartilage within the knee; Acts as a shock absorber and helps to stabilize the knee

Tear of the Meniscus

Damage to the cartilage within the knee; Caused most often by rotation or twisting of the knee joint; Can cause feeling of locking and/or the inability to fully flex or extend the knee

Patellar Tendonitis

Inflammation of the patellar tendon; "Jumper's Knee"; Caused by repeated forceful extension of the knee; Seen in sports with jumping: basketball, high jump, gymnastics, volleyball, etc.

Inflammation of the Patellar Fat Pad

Inflammation of the fat pad located beneath the kneecap due to impingement (pinching); Causes knee pain; Causes: fast stopping and starting in sports

Patellar Bursitis

Inflammation of the bursitis in the knee joint; Caused by a direct blow, infection, repeated stress or other conditions

Osgood-Schlatter Disease

Inflammation or irritation of the tibia at its point of attachment with the patellar tendon

Chondromalacia Patella (CMP)

Softening and deterioration of the articular cartilage under the patella and on the surface of the femur

Medial Tibial Stress Syndrome

Shin Splits; Pain, irritation & inflammation in the lower leg (usually the shin); Causes: running, worn out shoes, improper conditioning, overuse in general

Grades of Sprains

Grade 1 - slight stretch

Grade 2 - partial tear

Grade 3 - complete tear

Tarsus

The ankle; Composed of 7 tarsal bones

Calcaneus

Heel bone; Helps to support the weight of the body

Metatarsal Bones

The five bones of the foot

Phalanges

Bones of the fingers and toes

Ankle Sprain

Commonly known as a "rolled ankle"; One of the most common injuries of the body; Stretched or torn ligaments in the ankle

Achilles Tendon Rupture

Tendon that connects the gastrocnemius muscle to the calcaneus bone ruptures; Ruptures often due to activities that require abrupt stops and starts; Commonly occurs in athletes over 30 years old with a history of tendonitis in this area

Achilles Tendonitis

Inflammation of the achilles tendon due to overstitching or overuse

Plantar Fasciitis

Inflammation of the plantar fascia (fibrous membranes) on the sole of the foot; Caused by repetitive standing on the toes; Runners and aerobic exercisers are particularly susceptible