Biology 211 Anatomy and Physiology Core Principles and Chemistry Overview

Vocabulary flashcards covering core principles of Anatomy and Physiology, homeostasis, feedback mechanisms, and introductory chemistry concepts from Biology 211.

Negative Feedback

A feedback loop in which a change in a variable in one direction results in actions that move the variable in the opposite direction, returning it to baseline.

Positive Feedback

A feedback loop in which a change in a variable results in actions that amplify the change, moving the variable away from baseline.

Structure-Function Principle

The core principle stating that the structure of any part of the body determines its function at all levels of organization.

Gradient

A condition present any time more of something exists in one area than in another when the two areas are connected, driving physiological processes.

Cell-Cell Communication

The core principle where cells communicate and work together in a coordinated fashion to allow the maintenance of homeostasis.

Homeostasis

The maintenance and regulation of a stable internal environment within set ranges for physiological variables.

Isotopes

Different forms of a given atom that have different numbers of neutrons and thus slightly different masses.

Atomic Number

The physiological calculation or value equal to the number of protons in an atom.

Mass Number

The total value resulting from adding the number of protons and neutrons in an atom.

Valence Shell

The outermost electron shell of an atom that determines if the atom will react with another; the first shell holds $2$ electrons and the second shell holds $8$ electrons.

Ionic Bonding

A chemical bond formed when electrons are given or taken between charged particles, resulting in attraction between opposite charges.

Covalent Bond

A chemical bond in which electrons are shared between atoms.

Nonpolar Covalent Bond

A type of covalent bond in which electrons are shared equally between atoms.

Polar Covalent Bond

A type of covalent bond in which electrons are shared unequally between atoms.