Introduction to Statistics

These flashcards cover the key concepts and definitions introduced in the lecture on Introduction to Statistics.

What is Statistics?

The science of collecting, organizing, summarizing, and analyzing data to answer questions and/or draw conclusions.

What is the difference between a Population and a Sample?

Population is the collection of all data values for a group, while a Sample is a subset of the population that represents it.

What is a Parameter?

A numerical value that characterizes some aspect of the population.

What is a Statistic?

A numerical characteristic of a sample of data, often used to estimate population characteristics.

What is Statistical Inference?

The art and science of drawing conclusions about a population based on observations from samples.

What are the two types of Statistics?

Descriptive statistics organizes and summarizes data, while Inferential statistics uses a sample to draw conclusions about the entire population.

What are Categorical variables?

Variables that describe a quality or class, often non-numerical, such as hair color or letter grades.

What are Numerical variables?

Variables that describe a quantity or measurement, such as height or temperature.

What are Discrete Numerical variables?

Values that can be counted or listed, such as the number of siblings.

What are Continuous Numerical variables?

Values that occur over a range and cannot be counted, such as height.

What is a Frequency table?

A table that lists all data values with their counts.

What is Relative Frequency?

The proportion or percent of observations within a category, calculated as frequency divided by the sum of all frequencies.

How can you visualize data when examining a distribution?

Using graphs like histograms or stemplots to summarize data visually.