Unit 5 Mntal health and treatments

Psychoanalytical therapy:

-Freud

-Focus on unconscious

-Dream analysis, past associations

Humanistic therapy:

-Rogers

-"Client-centered"

-Taking responsibility for one's own feelings and actions: active listening, unconditional positive reward

-"What are you going through now?"

-Focus on conscious experience

Cognitive therapy:

-Ellis and Beck

-Focus on a person's thinking

-Beck: cognitive therapy and Ellis: Rational-emotive therapy

-Goal: to change a person's beliefs and negative assumptions

Behavior therapy:

-Uses classical conditioning principles

-Systematic desensitization to treat phobias

-Aversion conditioning and behavior modification

Biomedical therapy:

-Use of psychopharmacology

-View that mental disorders are linked to biology and can be improved with drug therapy

-Includes electroconvulsive therapy

Major depressive disorder:

-Mood disorder

-Severe lowered mood (2 weeks or more)

Bipolar disorder:

-Mood disorder

-Mood extremes; mania then depression

Etiology of mood disorders:

-Genetics

-Neurochemical factors

-Stress

Symptoms of depression:

Lethargic, lowered mood, changes in eating or sleeping patterns, lack of interest in usual activities, etc.

Generalized anxiety disorder:

"Free-floating" anxiety

Phobic disorder:

Specific focus of fear

Obsessive compulsive disorder:

Obsessions lead to compulsions

List some anxiety disorders:

Generalized anxiety disorder, phobic disorder, and OCD

Agoraphobia:

A fear of going out to public places

Anxiety disorders:

-A class of disorders marked by feelings of excessive apprehension and anxiety

-Treatment: Biomedical therapy - anti-anxiety medication

Comorbidity:

To coexistence of 2+ disorders

Concordance rate:

The percentage of twin pairs of other pairs of relatives that exhibit the same disorder

Conversion disorder:

-A somatoform disorder characterized by a significant loss of physical function

-One area of the body affected

-Treatment: eclectic, but rule out any medical cause

Culture-bound disorders:

Abnormal syndromes found only in a few cultural groups

Delusions:

False beliefs that are maintained even though they're clearly out of touch with reality

Diagnosis:

Distinguishing one illness from another

Dissociative amnesia:

-A sudden loss of memory for important personal info. that's too extensive to be due to normal forgetting

-Thought to be psychogenic or stress related

-Treatment: long-term therapy involving "reintegrating" the separate and distinct personalities

Dissociative disorders:

A class of disorders in which people lose contact with parts of their consciousness or memory, resulting in disruptions in their sense of ID

Dissociative fugue:

A disorder in which people lose their memory for their entire lives along with their sense of personal identity

Dissociative identity disorder:

Characterized by the coexistence in one person of two or more complete and different personalities; multiple-personality disorder

Etiology:

The causation and developmental history of an illness

Hallucinations:

Sensory perceptions that occur in the absence of a real external stimulus, or gross distortions of perceptual input

Hypochondriasis:

A somatoform disorder characterized by excessive preoccupation with health concerns and incessant worry about developing a physical illness

Manic-depressive disorder:

Mood disorder marked by the experience of both depressed and manic periods; bipolar disorder

Panic disorder:

Characterized by recurrent attacks of overwhelming anxiety that usually occurs suddenly and unexpectedly

Paranoid schizophrenia:

Type of schizophrenia that's dominated by delusions of persecution along with delusions of grandeur

Post-traumatic stress disorder:

PTSD; disturbed behavior that's attributed to major stressful events but emerges after the stress is over

Prognosis:

A forecast about the probable course of an illness

Psychosomatic diseases:

Physical ailments with a genuine organic basis that are caused by psychological factors; especially in emotional distress

Schizophrenic disorders:

Class of disorders marked by disturbances in thought that spill over to affect perceptual, social, and emotional processes

Somatoform disorders:

A class of disorders involving physical ailments with no authentic organic basis that are due to psychological factors

Aversion therapy:

A behavior therapy in which an aversive stimulus is paired with a stimulus that elicits an undesirable response

Clinical psychologists:

Specialize in the diagnosis and treatment of psychological disorders and everyday behavioral problems

Cognitive-behavioral treatments:

A varied combination of verbal interventions and behavior modification techniques used to help clients change maladaptive patterns of thinking

Counseling psychologists:

Specialize in the treatment of everyday adjustment problems

Deinstitutionalization:

Transferring the treatment of mental illness from inpatient institutions to community-based facilities that emphasize outpatient care

Dream analysis:

A psychoanalytic technique in which the therapist interprets the symbolic meaning of the client's dreams

Electroconvulsive therapy:

Biomedical treatment in which electric shock is used to produce a cortical seizure accompanied by convulsions

Free association:

A psychoanalytic technique in which clients spontaneously express their thoughts and feelings exactly as they occur, with as little censorship as possible

Group therapy:

The simultaneous treatment of several clients in a group

Insight therapies:

Psychotherapy methods characterized by verbal interactions intended to enhance clients' self-knowledge and thus promote healthful changes in behavior

Mental hospital:

Medical institution specializing in providing inpatient care for psychological disorders

Mood stabilizers:

Drugs used to control mood swings in patients with bipolar mood disorders

Placebo effects:

Subjects' expectations can lead them to experience some change even though they receive an empty, fake, or ineffectual treatment

Psychiatrists:

Physicians who specialize in the diagnosis and treatment of psych disorders

Regression toward the mean:

Effect that occurs when people who score extremely high or low on some trait are measured a second time and their new score falls closer to the mean

Social skills training:

A behavior therapy designed to improve interpersonal skills that emphasizes shaping, modeling, and behavioral rehearsal

Systematic desensitization:

A behavior therapy used to reduce clients' anxiety responses through counterconditioning; Joseph Wolpe created

Schizophrenia:

-Psychotic

-Hallucinations/ disorganized thinking - hearing voices

-Delusions and irrational thoughts

-Biological factors: excessive dopamine and genetic risk

-Treatment: biomedical therapy (antipsychotic medication to block dopamine receptors)

DID:

-Dissociative identity disorder

-Also called multiple personality disorder

How do you treat general phobias?

Using behavior therapy and systematic desensitization; can't use eclectic

Etiology of anxiety disorders:

-Biological factors (genetic predisposition, GABA circuits in the brain)

-Conditioning and learning (classical conditioning or observational learning)

-Cognitive factors (judgments of perceived threats)

-Personality (neuroticism)

-Stress (a precipitator)

How does anti-psychotic medication to treat schizophrenia work?

Dopamine is still there, but the medicine binds to the chemical specific receptor site, not allowing the dopamine to get through

Who provides treatment?

-Clinical psychologists

-Counseling psychologists

-Psychiatrists

-Clinical social workers

-Psychiatric nurses

-Counselors

Insight therapies and psychoanalysis:

-Sigmund Freud created

-Goal: to discover unresolved unconscious conflicts

-Includes free association, dream analysis, and interpretation

Client-centered therapy - humanistic:

-Carl Rogers created

-One of insight therapies