effects ww1

turkey sultanate collapse

1922, Mustapha Kemal authoritarian regime

Quote about what TOV meant to Germany

"failed to weaken Germany, but rather left it scourged, humiliated and resentful" - Anthony Lentin

Quote about harshness TOV historian

"relatively lenient" - Niall Ferguson

Quote about harshness TOV PM

"stern but lenient" - Lloyd George

Quote financial issue TOV

"The shifting by the victors of their unbearable financial burden onto the shoulders of the defeated" - John Maynard Keynes

Quote how Germans felt apt TOV

"The German army was stabbed in the back" - Field Marshall Paul von Hindenburg

Quote Woodrows intentions for TOV

"To make the world safe for democracy" - Woodrow Wilson

Quote Clemenceau abt Wilsons list

"Even God only needed ten points"

Allied observer TOV quote

"There was a veritable race between peace and anarchy"

Soldiers killed

9M, 15%

Lost Generation in France

20% between 20-40

Deaths SFE 1919-1920

20M

War cost GB

£34B

USA lent

$2000M

British shipping sunk by uboots

40%

France lost farmland

2M ha

mutiny germany

sailors in Kiel, triggering more revolts, Bavaria = independant socialist republic

kaiser abdication

9th Nov 1918

Use replacing Germany

Leading producer of dye, fertiliser, chemical products

USA home concerns

Flu epidemic, racial tensions--> 25 city riots, fear of communism

Japan exports

tripled

PM italy

Vittorio Orlando

Wilson points

Speech to congress 8 Jan 1918, 14 points

Japan & Italy wishes

maximise wartime gains, Japan = racial equality clause

germany internal enemies

jews, socialists, communists

# clauses TOV

440

Germany retained arms

100k men, 6 battleships, no tanks/armed cars

Where German navy sank boats

Scapa Flow, Scotland

how much did victorious eu powers disarm

not at all

territorial problems

germans governed by non germans, 3.5M Austrians in Sudetenland given to Czechoslovakia for resources

% territory loss germany

13.5%

% loss economic productivity

13%

amt per year needed to pay reparations

7.2% of national income from 1925-1929

y didn't they pay reparations

as protest against the peace settlement

france secure reparations payment

invasion Ruhr 1923, other countries accused them of bullying germany

Area AUT

25% of prewar

Area HUN

25% of prewar

Population AUT

20% of prewar

AUT army

30K

Yugoslavia nationalities

at least 12

aut and hun Econ collapse

1922

landed aristocracy power loss

military less impactful, no more monarchy

Quote what the ppl of GB and FRA wanted from TOV

"Squeeze the German lemon until the pips squeak"

Quote Lloyd George art what a harsh TOV will do

"Injustice and arrogance displayed in the hour of triumph will never be forgotten or forgiven" - Lloyd George

Quote political consequences

"The war led to a triumph of republicanism unheard of even in the 1790s" Niall Ferguson

Veterans in UK minus 1 limb

41k

GB&FRA public expenditure towards repaying debt

1/3-1/2

economic crisis 1919 made up of

decline in manufacturing output, loss of trade & foreign investment

Karl I abdication

Nov 1918 --> republic declared

what Russia did post war

encourage growth of socialist politics

Clemenceau wishes

heavy economic and territorial sanctions, disarmament policies and reparations

Lloyd George wishes

less severe settlemetn,

Neutral zone

10kms to east of the Rhine

French occupation

15 years occupy west Rhine

press role

closely reported on TOV negotiations, pressure on politicians to keep voters happy

# clauses LON

26

reparations sum

6,6 M, Interallied reparations committee 1921

guilt clause effect

helped hitler to power

evidence that reparations to high for Germany to recover

hyper inflation of 1920s

% population loss germany

10%

nickname AUT

tadpole state

russia lon date

1934

Little Entente

Czechoslovakia, Romania, Yugoslavia against revision of treaty, supported by France

GB social legislation

Housing Act 1918= subsidies building houses, Unemployment insurance act 1920&21

Women right to vote

Russia 1917, AUT GB 1918