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turkey sultanate collapse
1922, Mustapha Kemal authoritarian regime
Quote about what TOV meant to Germany
"failed to weaken Germany, but rather left it scourged, humiliated and resentful" - Anthony Lentin
Quote about harshness TOV historian
"relatively lenient" - Niall Ferguson
Quote about harshness TOV PM
"stern but lenient" - Lloyd George
Quote financial issue TOV
"The shifting by the victors of their unbearable financial burden onto the shoulders of the defeated" - John Maynard Keynes
Quote how Germans felt apt TOV
"The German army was stabbed in the back" - Field Marshall Paul von Hindenburg
Quote Woodrows intentions for TOV
"To make the world safe for democracy" - Woodrow Wilson
Quote Clemenceau abt Wilsons list
"Even God only needed ten points"
Allied observer TOV quote
"There was a veritable race between peace and anarchy"
Soldiers killed
9M, 15%
Lost Generation in France
20% between 20-40
Deaths SFE 1919-1920
20M
War cost GB
£34B
USA lent
$2000M
British shipping sunk by uboots
40%
France lost farmland
2M ha
mutiny germany
sailors in Kiel, triggering more revolts, Bavaria = independant socialist republic
kaiser abdication
9th Nov 1918
Use replacing Germany
Leading producer of dye, fertiliser, chemical products
USA home concerns
Flu epidemic, racial tensions--> 25 city riots, fear of communism
Japan exports
tripled
PM italy
Vittorio Orlando
Wilson points
Speech to congress 8 Jan 1918, 14 points
Japan & Italy wishes
maximise wartime gains, Japan = racial equality clause
germany internal enemies
jews, socialists, communists
# clauses TOV
440
Germany retained arms
100k men, 6 battleships, no tanks/armed cars
Where German navy sank boats
Scapa Flow, Scotland
how much did victorious eu powers disarm
not at all
territorial problems
germans governed by non germans, 3.5M Austrians in Sudetenland given to Czechoslovakia for resources
% territory loss germany
13.5%
% loss economic productivity
13%
amt per year needed to pay reparations
7.2% of national income from 1925-1929
y didn't they pay reparations
as protest against the peace settlement
france secure reparations payment
invasion Ruhr 1923, other countries accused them of bullying germany
Area AUT
25% of prewar
Area HUN
25% of prewar
Population AUT
20% of prewar
AUT army
30K
Yugoslavia nationalities
at least 12
aut and hun Econ collapse
1922
landed aristocracy power loss
military less impactful, no more monarchy
Quote what the ppl of GB and FRA wanted from TOV
"Squeeze the German lemon until the pips squeak"
Quote Lloyd George art what a harsh TOV will do
"Injustice and arrogance displayed in the hour of triumph will never be forgotten or forgiven" - Lloyd George
Quote political consequences
"The war led to a triumph of republicanism unheard of even in the 1790s" Niall Ferguson
Veterans in UK minus 1 limb
41k
GB&FRA public expenditure towards repaying debt
1/3-1/2
economic crisis 1919 made up of
decline in manufacturing output, loss of trade & foreign investment
Karl I abdication
Nov 1918 --> republic declared
what Russia did post war
encourage growth of socialist politics
Clemenceau wishes
heavy economic and territorial sanctions, disarmament policies and reparations
Lloyd George wishes
less severe settlemetn,
Neutral zone
10kms to east of the Rhine
French occupation
15 years occupy west Rhine
press role
closely reported on TOV negotiations, pressure on politicians to keep voters happy
# clauses LON
26
reparations sum
6,6 M, Interallied reparations committee 1921
guilt clause effect
helped hitler to power
evidence that reparations to high for Germany to recover
hyper inflation of 1920s
% population loss germany
10%
nickname AUT
tadpole state
russia lon date
1934
Little Entente
Czechoslovakia, Romania, Yugoslavia against revision of treaty, supported by France
GB social legislation
Housing Act 1918= subsidies building houses, Unemployment insurance act 1920&21
Women right to vote
Russia 1917, AUT GB 1918