Botany 2 exam 2

Taxonomic classification

Life

Domain

Kingdom

Phylum

Class
Order

Family

Genus

Species

Closely related species are grouped together into a _____

genus

Phylum/Division ending

-ophyta

Class ending

-opsida

Order ending

-ales

Family ending

-aceae

DNA replication —> transcription into RNA —> translation into proteins

transcription happens in the nucleus

translation happens in the ribosomes

Two different gene region types

Exons: Sequences of nucleotides that are eventually expressed as amino acids in proteins

Introns: sequences of nucleotides that are not transcribed, but are in-between exons

Brown algae have a variety of pigments called _______

xanthophylls

Where are eggs localized in Marchantia

archegonium

male reproductive cells in liverworts & mosses:

antheridium

Hornworts striking feature?

presence of a single large chloroplast in each cell opposed to numerous small plastids present in other nonalgal plants

DNA forms complex with proteins called _____

histones

Viridiplantae is a _____phyletic group

mono

• group contains all descendants of their common ancestor

When reproductive algae cells are released only the ____ remains

cell wall

Sporangia and gametangia of plants are….

After they are released a ___________ remains

multicellular reproductive organs (only the inner cells differentiate into spores or gametes)

layer of sterile cells remain

Taxonomy-

principle that systematically identifies, names, and classifies organisms based on shared traits

systematics-

uses taxonomy, evolutionary history, and knowledge of environmental adaptations to understand the diversity of life

All organisms are grouped into three domains:

bacteria, archaea, and Eukarya

Artificial classification

based on a few characteristics; often do not share a close common ancestor

Natural classification

groups organisms together based on maximum number of natural characteristics

Phylogenetic classification

based on organism’s evolutionary history, as determined by DNA analyses

Modern classification systems use a combination of natural and phylogenetic classification*

Cladistics

1. They have descended from a common ancestor

   • similar features are synapomorphies (homologous features)

2. They have undergone convergent evolution

   • features like this are homoplasies (analogous features)

*Cyanobacteria: blue-green “algae” are prokaryotes (aka not closely related to other algae)

Division Chlorophyta and (part of) Stretophyta

green algae

Division Rhodophyta

Red algae

Division Chrysophyta

diatoms, golden-brown algae, yellow-green algae

Division Phaeophyta

brown algae

Algae are a ___phyletic group

poly

• contains members that do not share a recent common ancestor

Unicellular algae body type

Chlamydomonas, Micrasterias

Colonial algae body type

Pediastrum, volvox

Filamentous algae body type

spirogyra

Multicellular algae body type

ulva

Liverworts= division _____

Mosses= division ______

Hornworts= division _____

Marchantiophyta, Bryophyta, Anthocerotophyta

Embryophytes are a ____phyletic group

mono

• group contains all descendents of their common ancestor

For plants to survive on land they need…

1. A cuticle to prevent from drying up

2. to absorb & retain water

3. to protect their gametes & sporocytes

Synapomorphies shared by all embryophytes

1. Archegonium & Antheridium

2. Parenchyma

3. Cuticle

4. Sporophyte/embryo

Bryophyta ecology

• small size and no conducting tissues

• non-vascular plants

• inability to retain water

• many mosses thrive at low temps near or below 0 degrees C-

• can grow on hard, impervious surfaces because they have no roots that require substrate penetration

Selective mutations

• upright body that grow into brighter light

• production of pollen in seeds, to eliminate water for reproduction

• vascular tissue allows for evolution of complex tissues and organs

“-gameto”= _____, -”phore”= ____

gamete, carrier/producer

When bryophytes spore germinates it divides via mitosis to forma filamentous _____, the beginning of the multicellular gametophyte body

protonema