Inflammation and White Blood Cell Review

These flashcards cover the pathophysiology of inflammation, the roles and normal ranges of white blood cells, types of necrosis, local and systemic effects, and pharmacological treatments based on the lecture transcripts.

According to the 'never let monkeys eat bananas' mnemonic, what is the normal range for neutrophils in a differential count?

$$55\text{ to }75\%$$

According to the 'never let monkeys eat bananas' mnemonic, what is the normal range for lymphocytes in a differential count?

$$20\text{ to }40\%$$

According to the 'never let monkeys eat bananas' mnemonic, what is the normal range for monocytes in a differential count?

$$2\text{ to }8\%$$

According to the 'never let monkeys eat bananas' mnemonic, what is the normal range for eosinophils in a differential count?

$$1\text{ to }4\%$$

According to the 'never let monkeys eat bananas' mnemonic, what is the normal range for basophils in a differential count?

$$0.5\text{ to }1\%$$

What is the primary function of neutrophils and when do they typically arrive at the site of injury?

Their primary function is phagocytosis and they go to the area of injury right away (neutrophils now).

Under what condition would you expect to see an elevation of eosinophils to around $20\%$?

Allergies or a parasitic infection.

What chemical is released by basophils to prevent blood clotting?

Heparin

What are the common names used for immature and mature white blood cells referred to as 'bands' and 'segs'?

Bands are the babies (immature) and segs are the seniors (mature).

What is the collective name for neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils due to their multi-shaped nuclei?

Polymorphonuclear leukocytes ($PNM$) or granulocytes.

How long can a normal inflammatory response last in a healthy human after a minor injury like a paper cut?

$$7\text{ to }10\,\text{days}$$

What are the three effects of vasodilation resulting from the release of chemical mediators during injury?

Edema (swelling), redness, and warmth.

What is the primary purpose of vasodilation during the inflammatory process?

To widen the vessel so cells can get to the site where they are needed quicker.

How can a massive inflammatory reaction lead to necrosis?

Excessive swelling and edema compress other vessels, cutting off blood flow (and oxygen), leading to cell death.

What is the difference between hypoxia and anoxia in the context of necrosis?

$Hypoxia$ is low oxygen and $anoxia$ is no oxygen at all.

Which type of necrosis is described as having a firm, cheesy consistency and occurs in tuberculosis?

Caseous (or cachius) necrosis.

What characterizes liquefaction necrosis and what causes it?

It occurs in the presence of pyogenic bacteria and turns tissue into a liquid viscous mass.

What are the five cardinal signs of local inflammation?

Pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function.

Which type of exudate is described as honey-colored?

Serous

Describe the appearance and significance of fibrinous exudate (slough).

It is thick and sticky with a yellowish tan base and acts as a breeding ground for bacteria.

What color is purulent exudate and what does it indicate?

Thick yellow-green; it indicates a bacterial infection.

What are the three lines of defense in the body?

First: Skin and mucous membranes; Second: Nonspecific inflammatory response (vascular and cellular); Third: Specific immune response (T cells and B cells).

What does an elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate ($ESR$) specifically indicate?

It indicates infection (such as osteomyelitis) but is not specific to the cause.

What does a high C-reactive protein ($CRP$) measure?

It measures general inflammation occurring in the body.

How does the onset and duration of acute inflammation differ from chronic inflammation?

Acute is sudden onset and lasts a short time (a couple of weeks), while chronic is long-term and may develop if the cause cannot be eradicated.

What mnemonic is used for the treatment of acute inflammation?

$RICE$: Rest, Ice, Compression, and Elevation.

Which common over-the-counter medication is an analgesic and antipyretic but DOES NOT help with inflammation?

Acetaminophen ($Tylenol$ or $APAP$).

Why is ice applied in the early stages of acute inflammation?

To cause vasoconstriction, which slows down blood flow and the cellular response to the site.

What are four examples of corticosteroids used for inflammation?

Prednisone, triamcinolone, methylprednisone, and betamethasone.

Which types of medications require a prescription and only help with pain, not inflammation or fever?

Narcotics (such as hydrocodone, codeine, oxycodone, and fentanyl).