Anatomy Unit 1

volar

palmar or plantar

withers

between the scapulae

hyperextension

past 180

medial rotation leads to

supination

lateral rotation leads to

pronation

physical functions of bones

serve as levers, protection of vital organs, support

metabolic functions of bones

mineral metabolism, sites of hematopoiesis, storage of fat

how can you classify bones?

by shape, location, structure, and origin

long bones

significantly long in one dimension, only in limbs, act as levers

long bone examples

humerus, radia, ulna, femur, tibia, fibula, metacarpal, metatarsal, phalanx

short bones

somewhat equidimensional in all planes, only found in limbs

short bone examples

carpal and tarsal

flat bones

significantly reduced in one dimension, sites of hematopoeisis

flat bone examples

scapula, ribs, some skull bones

pneumatic bones

flat bones with air filled spaces, paranasal sinuses in mammals, can be found outside the skull in birds

irregular bones

irregular in shape

irregular bone examples

vertebrae, some skull bones (sphenoid/ethmoid), pelvis bones

sesamoid bones

seed shaped, imbedded within tendons, protect tendon from friction as it glides over bone

sesamoid bone examples

in carpus, patella

appendicular skeleton

bones of limbs

axial skeleton

bones of skull, vertebral column, ribs, and sternum

heterotrophic skeleton

bones in unusual but normal locations, os penis in dog, os cordis in ox

compact bone

dense or cortical bone, high osteons

spongy bone

trabecular or cancellous bone, in extremities of long bones, internal substance of short and irregular bones, and between 2 compact layers of flat bones, low osteons

cartilaginous/endochondral bone

bone progressively replaces previously formed continuously growing cartilage model (endochondral ossification), most bones of body

dermal (intramembranous) bone

bone forms directly within sheet of connective tissue (intramembraneous ossification), face bones and dorsum of skull

endochondral ossification

formation of cartilage model that is resorbed while serving as matrix for bone development, the areas that mineralize are primary and secondary centers of ossification, separated by cartilaginous/epiphyseal plates (growth plates) until bones are mature

endochondral ossification is reponsible for bone growth _ wise

length

intramembranous ossification

bone forms directly within sheet of connective tissue (mesenchyme)

intramembranous ossification responsible for bone growth _ wise

width

diaphysis

shaft, primary center of ossification

epiphysis

end, secondary center of ossification

physis/epiphyseal plate

plate of growoing cartilage present in immature bone

metaphysis

rapidly growing flared segment of a bone on the diaphyseal side of epiphyseal plate

apophysis

large bony projections which develop a tertiary center of ossification

hyaline/articular cartilage

covers both epiphyses

periosteum

connective tissue that surrounds diaphysis

medullary cavity

hollow space within diaphysis

endosteum

thin membrane lining medullary cavity

nutrient artery

largest blood supply source, passes through nutrient foramen

periosteal artery

blood supply on outside of bone

epiphyseal artery

in epiphysis, because nutrient artery cannot pass through growth plate

legg-calve-perthes disease

epiphyseal artery is necrosed, making head of femur unstable in toy dog breeds

nutrient foramina

toward middle of diaphysis, where signs of panosteitis are first detectable