APUSH Period 2

Chesapeake Bay Colonies

Virginia and Maryland - economies based on cash crop agriculture

tobacco

cash crop grown in Jamestown and eventually several southern colonies

Headright System

policy used first to encourage settlement in VA, then other areas - settlers were given a land grant in exchange for a small annual payment (quitrent)

joint-stock company

means by which several colonies are financed - groups of investors could purchase shares to provide $ for expeditions - risks and rewards were shared by the investors

House of Burgesses

the first European legislative body in colonial America (Virginia).

proprietary colony

colony run by individuals or groups to whom land was granted

Indentured Servant

A worker bound by a voluntary agreement to work for a specified period of years often in return for passage to an overseas destination.

Mayflower Compact

1620 - The first agreement for European self-government in America. It was signed by the 41 men who traveled to Plymouth and set up a government for the Plymouth colony.

mercantilism

An economic policy under which nations sought to increase their wealth and power by obtaining large amounts of gold and silver and maintaining a favorable balance of trade

Navigation Acts

a series of laws passed by England that attempted to more closely regulate trade by the English colonies

Triangular Trade

A system in which goods and slaves were traded among the English colonies in the Americas, Britain, and Africa

consumerism

increasing focus of certain classes of society in the 1600 and 1700s - a desire to purchase products, especially as status symbols/to show off wealth

Pueblo Revolt

Native American revolt against the Spanish in late 17th century; expelled the Spanish for over 10 years; Spain began to take an accommodating approach to Natives after the revolt

King Philip's War

conflict between natives and settlers in New England, after which the power of New England Native Americans was destroyed

Bacon's Rebellion

revolt in Virginia in 1676 which showed tension between backcountry farmers and the colonial gov't; results in declining use of indentured servants and increasing use of slaves

Middle Passage

the leg of the Triangular Trade from Africa to the New World, known for the horribly brutal conditions endured by newly enslaved people

Royal African Company

they held a monopoly over the slave trade in the colonies for several years - after the monopoly was broken trade in slaves increased dramatically

slave codes

Laws that controlled the lives of enslaved people and denied them basic rights.

Stono Rebellion

a 1739 uprising of slaves in South Carolina, leading to the tightening of already harsh slave laws

congregationalism

Church system set up by the Puritans of the Massachusetts Bay Colony wherein each local church served as the center of its own community

town meeting

political business in New England was conducted annually at one of these, during which new leaders (from the 'elect'/saved) were chosen

Salem Witchcraft Trials

hysteria-prompted situation that led to the execution of 20 people

religious toleration

an idea promoted in part by the Enlightenment - this would allow multiple religious systems to exist without persecution or favoritism

Great Awakening

Religious revival in the American colonies in the 1730s and 1740s

George Whitefield

itinerant preacher associated with the Great Awakening - very popular

Enlightenment

intellectual movement that emphasized reason, empiricism, and progressivism over tradition and superstition

New France

Based on trade with Native Americans with a high degree of integration of Europeans into Native societies

New Netherlands

Dutch holdings in North America around modern day NY

Roanoke

First English colony - called the Lost Colony because the settlers all disappeared within a few years of the founding of the colony

Colonization of Ireland

One distracting factor that kept England from overseas colonization in the 1500s - set a precedent for how English settlers would treat Native Americans

Privateers

Officially sanctioned pirates (essentially) - one way England was able to enjoy the financial benefits of the New World before they started colonizing

Enclosure Movement

a motivating factor for English colonization, this was when English farmers accelerated the process of fencing off, or enclosing, common lands into individual holdings, largely for the benefit of the already wealthy landholders; devastating to those already struggling with poverty

Jamestown

First permanent English settlement in North America

John Smith

Helped found and govern Jamestown. His leadership and strict discipline helped the Virginia colony get through the 'starving time'

Powhatan

Indian chief and founder of the Powhatan confederacy of tribes in eastern Virginia

Anglo-Powhatan Wars

Name of two wars, fought in 1614 and 1644, between the English in Jamestown and the nearby Native Peoples

John Rolfe

Jamestown colony leader who showed that tobacco could be grown successfully in Virginia

1619

First Africans arrive in Virginia

Puritans

Protestant sect in England hoping to "purify" the Anglican church of Roman Catholic traces in practice and organization.

Separatists

Group that believed the Anglican Church was not able to be reformed - they wanted to break away from it

William Bradford

A Pilgrim, governor of the Plymouth colony for 30 years. He developed private land ownership and helped colonists get out of debt to the company

John Winthrop

Puritan leader who became the first governor of the Massachusetts Bay Colony - had a vision of Massachusetts becoming a 'City Upon a Hill'

Roger Williams

A dissenter who clashed with the Massachusetts Puritans over separation of church and state and was banished in 1636, after which he founded the colony of Rhode Island to the south

Anne Hutchinson

American colonist (born in England) who was banished from Boston for her religious views, in large part because she was a woman claiming to have received a revelation from God

Metacom/King Philip's War

Conflict in New England that is an example of the pattern of interactions between English settlers and Native Americans; devastating to both sides, essentially ends Native American resistance in New England

Cotton Mather

Prominent Puritan theologian, who urged inoculation against smallpox, played a role in Salem Witch Trials

William Penn

Founded Pennsylvania on Quaker principles meaning the colony was religiously tolerant and had good relations with Native Americans (at least for a while)

Lord Baltimore

Proprietor of Maryland; founded as a Catholic refuge

James Oglethorpe

Founder of Georgia who hoped to provide a place for debtors facing prison to go to earn enough to pay off their debts

salutary neglect

an English policy of relaxing the enforcement of regulations in its colonies in return for the colonies' continued economic loyalty

chattel slavery

A system of bondage in which a slave has the legal status of property and so can be bought and sold like property.

Negro Act of 1740

Slave codes passed in South Carolina in the wake of the Stono Rebellion - made it illegal for slaves to leave the colony, gather in groups, grow their own food, make money or learn to read.

New York City Conspiracy Trials

These occurred because of several fires in NYC that were blamed on enslaved people, and eventually on Catholics working with them. 17 people were executed and many enslaved people were sent to the Indies.

Benjamin Franklin

American embodiment of the Enlightenment - he was well educated and involved in many intellectual/philosophical pursuits, including experimentation with electricity

deism

Religious belief associated with the Enlightenment - saw God as a distant creator and regarded personal morality as more important than strict church doctrines

Old Lights/New Lights

religious traditionalists/those who believed in the evangelical message of the Great Awakening

Johnathan Edwards

American associated with the Great Awakening - best known for 'Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God'

gentry

wealthy colonial class that is able to develop due to the growth of cash crops and a reliance on indentured servitude and slave labor - modeled after the English aristocracy

Cato's Letters

One example of increasing amounts of printed materials, these pamphlets focused on glorifying England and warned about constant efforts to undermine liberty

Spain

main motivation was extracting wealth from the land; conquered Native Americans then ruled over them via a caste system and encomienda

England

Motivated by economic opportunity and freedom from religious persecution; tended to live separately from Native Americans

New England

Massachusetts, Connecticut, Rhode Island, New Hampshire; economies were based on subsistence level agriculture and commerce; largely settled by Puritans escaping persecution

Middle Colonies

New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware; cash crop economy based on staple crops; very cooperative relationship with Native Americans, especially in PA

South Atlantic and Caribbean

Georgia, the Carolinas, and the British West Indies; plantation economy; enslaved people made up the majority of the population in several areas

Dominion of New England

1686 - The British government combined the colonies of Massachusetts, Rhode Island, New Hampshire, and Connecticut into a single province headed by a royal governor (Andros). The Dominion ended in 1692, when the colonists revolted and drove out Governor Andros.

Glorious Revolution

A reference to the political events of 1688-1689, when James II abdicated his throne and was replaced by his daughter Mary and her husband, Prince William of Orange.

Act of Religious Toleration

a law enacted in Maryland in 1649 declaring that all Christian denominations have a right to practice their faith

Zenger Case

The case that established the precedent that true statements about public officials could not be prosecuted as libel; Newspapers are not financially liable for criticism of government if actually true.

consumer revolution

in the 1700s this was characterized by the rise of a colonial gentry; accumulating possessions was a way of showing status