Inter Comm ch 3+4

Implicit bias

we have a bias, rather than being neutral, we have a preference for a person or group of people. We use this term to describe when we have attitudes toward people or associate stereotypes with them without our conscious knowledge. Implicit bias can become explicit bias. EX: Unconscious racial stereotypes, gender stereotypes, LGBTQ+ community bi

Explicit bias

Individuals are aware of their prejudices and attitudes toward certain groups. Positive or negative for a particular group is conscious. EX: overt racism and racist comments

Perception

The process of selecting, organizing, and interpreting information from our sense

5 parts of perception

Selection
Salience
Organization
Punctuation
Interpretation

Schemata

Mental structures containing information that defines concepts’ characteristics and
interrelationships. We develop them for people, groups of people, events, objects and relationships.

"Attributions"

"Rationales we create to explain the comments or behaviors of others. For example, Ryan reasons that Jason’s quietness in class means that Jason is shy."

Fundamental attribution error

"The tendency to attribute someone’s behavior solely to their personality rather than to outside forces."

Self-serving bias

"A biased tendency to credit ourselves (internal factors) instead of external factors for our success. For instance, Ruth attributes the success of a project to her leadership qualities rather than to the dedicated efforts of her team"

Uncertainty reduction theory

"A theory explaining that the primary compulsion during initial encounters is to reduce uncertainty about our communication partners by gathering enough information about them that their communication becomes predictable and explainable."

Implicit personality theories

"Personal beliefs about different types of personalities and the ways in which traits cluster together. For instance, Bradley assumes that Will is a disorganized procrastinator because of Will’s casual, friendly manner."

Interpersonal Impressions

"Personal beliefs about different types of personalities and the ways in which traits cluster together. For instance, Bradley assumes that Will is a disorganized procrastinator because of Will’s casual, friendly manner."

Ingroupers

people that are fundamentally similar to themselves. (Cliques, jocks,
musicians)

Outgroupers

people who aren’t similar to yourself

Personality

An individual’s characteristic way of thinking, feeling, and acting, based on the traits
he or she possesses.

The Big 5 Five dimensions of personality (OCEAN)

o Openness
o Conscientiousness
o Extraversion
o Agreeableness
o Neuroticism

Gestalts

general and global impressions of people, either positive or negative

positivity bias

Gestalts are more likely to be positive

Primacy effect

We emphasize the first information we learn about others.

Negativity effect

We emphasize the negative information we learn about
others

Halo effect

We tend to positively interpret others’ actions because we have a
positive Gestalt of them

Horn effect

We tend to negatively interpret others’ actions because we have
a negative Gestalt of them

Empathy

Perspective-taking, Empathic concern, Conveying your empathy, identifying with the feelings of
others

Cognitive empathy

Consider someone else's thoughts (If I were in his/her position, what would I be thinking right now?)

emotional empathy

Focus on a person's feelings (Being in his/her position would make
me feel ________.)

Inclusivity

50% of people with empathetic leaders reported their workplace was
inclusive, compared with only 17% of those with less empathetic leadership.

Engagement

76% of people who experienced empathy from their leaders reported
they were engaged compared with only 32% who experienced less empathy.

Elizabeth Kubler-Ross

Came up with the 5 stages of grief

5 stages of grief

Denial
Anger
Bargaining
Depression
Acceptance

Stereotyping

categorizing people into social groups and evaluating them based on
information about that group

Five key features of emotion

1. Emotion is reactive
2. Involves physiological arousal
3. Requires awareness/labeling
4. Governed preexisting norms (constrained by historical, cultural, relational, and
situational norms)
5. Reflected in verbal and nonverbal displays (communicate emotion in a variety of
ways)

Emotion-sharing

discussing emotional experiences with relationship partners

Emotional contagion

when the experience of the same emotion rapidly spreads from one
person to others

Feelings

short-term emotional reactions to events

Moods

low-intensity states lasting longer than feelings or emotions; not caused by
particular events

Primary emotions

consistent behavioral displays across cultures
joy, surprise, sadness, anger, fear, disgust

Blended emotions

"Two or more primary emotions experienced at the same time. For instance, Melinda feels fear and anger when her daughter is not home by curfew"

report having more anger and hostile emotions

Men

report having more sadness, fear, shame and guilt

Women

Emotional Intelligence

ability to interpret your own and others’ emotions
accurately

Emotion management

influencing which emotions you have, when and how you
express them

Suppression

inhibiting displays of emotion

Venting

explosively expressing emotions

Reappraisal

actively changing how you think about the meaning of
emotion-eliciting situations so that their emotional impact is changed

Four strategies

Encounter avoidance, Encounter structuring, Attention focus, Deactivation

Encounter avoidance

staying away from places, people, etc. that provoke emotions

Encounter structuring

avoiding topics that cause emotional reactions

Attention focus

pay attention to things that won’t provoke unwanted emotions

Deactivation

don’t feel an emotion, desensitize yourself

Passion

a combination of surprise, joy, excitement, amazement, and sexual
attraction

Anger

when you are blocked from attaining an important goal by what you see as
the improper action of an external agent

The Jefferson Strategy

Counting slowly to ten before you speak or act when you are angry

 Named after the 3rdPresident of the U.S.
 Jefferson adopted this strategy for reducing his own anger during interpersonal
encounters.
 Creates a delay between the event that triggered your anger, the accompanying
arousal and awareness, and your communication response.
 Can prevent inappropriate response

The greatest generation

Born in 1924 or earlier
Live through the great depression and fought in WW2

The Silent generation

1925-1942
More cautious than their parents, helped shape 20th-century popular culture

Baby boomers

1943-1964
The uptick in the post-WW2 birthrate
In 1964, there were nearly 72.5 million

Generation X

(born 1965-1979/80)
In the 2016 Presidential Election, Gen X and Millennials madeup more than half of the electorate. Out numbered oldervoters.

Millennials

(born 1980-2000) In 2014 according to theCensus Bureau in the U.S. they eclipsed the BabyBoomers. More diverse than previous generationswith 44.2% in a minority race or ethnic group.

Generation Z

(born 1997-)High school completion andcollege enrollment rates are up.
• By this measure, TikTok nabbed the top spot. Nearly 69% of Gen Z consider TikTok favorably, 30% higher than adults overall