○ Milk= lacte in Latin leche in ________ in French latta in Italian ● Language divergence: Breakup of a language into dialects and then new languages from lack of interaction among speakers ● Language convergence: When peoples with different languages have consistent interaction and their languages blend into one The Study of Historical Languages ● Backward reconstruction: Tracking sound shifts and the hardening of consonants backward to reveal an "original "language ○ Can deduce the vocabulary of an extinct language ○ Can recreate ancient languages (deep reconstruction) BREAKDOWN ● Prehistoric Super Families (ex.
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Language
A set of sounds, combinations of sounds, and symbols used for communication
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Standard language
A language that is published, widely distributed, and purposefully taught
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Isogloss
A geographic boundary within which a particular linguistic feature occurs
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sound shifts
slight changes in a word across languages over time
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Language divergence
Breakup of a language into dialects and then new languages from lack of interaction among speakers
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Language convergence
When peoples with different languages have consistent interaction and their languages blend into one
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Backward reconstruction
Tracking sound shifts and the hardening of consonants backward to reveal an “original” language
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Lingua franca
A language used among speakers of different languages for trade and commerce
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Pidgin language
A language created when people combine parts of two or more languages into a simplified structure and vocabulary
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Creole language
A pidgin language that has developed a more complex structure and vocabulary and has become the native language of a group of people
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Monolingual state
A country in which only one language is spoken
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Multilingual state
A country in which more than one language is in use
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Official language
Government-selected language or languages to try to enhance communication in a multilingual state
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Place
The uniqueness of a location, what people do in a location, what they create, how they impart a certain character, a certain imprint on the location
Studied by 19 people
