Hypocalcemia/Hypercalcemia & Hypomagnesemia/Hypermagnesemia

o what is hypocalcemia?

 low parathyroid hormone levels & low calcium in the body

o what causes hypocalcemia?

 vitamin D deficiency, hypoparathyroidism, renal disease, or medications

o signs of hypocalcemia

 Chvostek and Trousseau signs

o treatment of hypocalcemia

 calcium and vitamin D replacement

o what is hypercalcemia?

 overactive parathyroid glands & high calcium in body

o what causes hypercalcemia?

 hyperparathyroidism or cancer and results in bone resorption\

o what are signs of hypercalcemia?

 GI symptoms, confusion, weakness, kidney stones, and cardiac dysrhythmia severe cases can lead to coma or death

o what are treatments for hypercalcemia?

 hydration, diuretics, medications to reduce calcium levels, and dialysis in critical cases

o what is hypomagnesemia?

 low levels of magnesium

o what are causes of hypomagnesemia?

 poor intake, GI or renal losses, alcohol use, or medications (diuretics, PPIs

o what are symptoms of hypomagnesemia?

 weakness, neuromuscular excitability (cramps, seizures), and cardiac dysrhythmias

o what are treatments of hypomagnesemia?

 oral or IV magnesium replacement and correction of associated electrolyte imbalances (K⁺, Ca²⁺)

o what is hypermagnesemia

 high levels of magnesium in the body

o what causes hypermagnesemia?

 is rare and most often due to renal failure or excessive intake (e.g., antacids, laxatives)

o what are symptoms of hypermagnesemia?

 nausea and weakness to severe complications such as hypotension, respiratory depression, paralysis, and cardiac arrest

o what are treatments for hypermagnesemia?

 includes stopping magnesium intake, IV calcium, diuretics, and possible dialysis